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1.
Barbara Claas Jeffrey Dean 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2006,192(10):1021-1036
Separately delivered visual and lateral line stimuli elicit similar but not identical orientation and approach by intact, sighted Xenopus. Response frequencies for visual stimuli declined sharply for distant or caudal stimuli while those for lateral line stimuli changed little. Turn angles correlated highly with stimulus angles but were smaller on average, so regression slopes were less than one. Regression slopes were smaller for visual than for lateral line stimuli, but this apparent difference was due to different distributions of stimulus distance interacting with the toad’s rotation center. Errors in final headings, most often under-rotations, did not differ by modality. Frequencies of lunges and arm capture movements were higher for visual stimuli both overall and especially for rostral proximal stimuli. The results demonstrate accurate orientation by sighted Xenopus to visual and lateral line stimuli; they are consistent with expectations based on in-register tectal maps. Orientation to lateral line stimuli is similar to previous results with blinded animals, revealing no heightened acuity in the latter. Modality differences indicate that the lateral line system is better for omnidirectional orientation and approach to distant stimuli whereas the visual system is more attuned to nearby rostral stimuli and more apt to mediate strikes.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available to authorised users in the online version of this article at . 相似文献
2.
Masakatsu Kino Taeko Miayzaki Tetsuo Iwami Jun Kohbara 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2009,85(1):33-38
The ocean sunfish, Mola mola, is the largest known bony fish. Based on prior studies of diet composition, it is considered to be a pelagic zooplanktivore.
However, a recent study using acoustic telemetry revealed that they repeatedly dive to depths of >50 m during the day. We
examined the distribution of cells within the retinal ganglion cell layer in the immature ocean sunfish (c.a. 50 cm total
length) and estimated their visual acuity with respect to the main visual axis and visual fields. Visual acuity was between
3.37 and 4.41 cycles/degree. The region of highest cell density was located in the dorso-temporal retina, indicating that
the main visual axis of ocean sunfish is directed towards the lower frontal portion of the visual field. This axis is considered
beneficial for detecting prey items when the sunfish are migrating vertically through the water column, and in foraging behavior
near the sea bottom. 相似文献
3.
In most species of small mammals, males are exposed to higher levels of risk than females because they compete for mates,
travel greater distances to find and procure mates, and/or defend a territory. This suggests that males and females might
have different responses to risky situations, such as the presence of a predator. We tested responses to a visual predator
cue (an owl silhouette) in male and female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). In a laboratory arena, there was no significant sex difference in the latency to enter the burrow or time spent in the
burrow immediately after exposure to the owl silhouette. Males, however, were less likely to be active during the 3-min period
following the animal’s exposure to the silhouette, indicating that male golden hamsters are more wary after exposure to an
aerial predator cue than females. Most studies of responses to predators or predator cues have not considered sex differences,
but our results show that males and females may have quite different responses to predator cues. Further work should be done
to characterize and quantify sex differences in response to predators or predator cues. 相似文献
4.
The theory of ecological speciation suggests that assortative mating evolves most easily when mating preferences are directly linked to ecological traits that are subject to divergent selection. Sensory adaptation can play a major role in this process, because selective mating is often mediated by sexual signals: bright colours, complex song, pheromone blends and so on. When divergent sensory adaptation affects the perception of such signals, mating patterns may change as an immediate consequence. Alternatively, mating preferences can diverge as a result of indirect effects: assortative mating may be promoted by selection against intermediate phenotypes that are maladapted to their (sensory) environment. For Lake Victoria cichlids, the visual envi-ronment constitutes an important selective force that is heterogeneous across geographical and water depth gradients. We investi-gate the direct and indirect effects of this heterogeneity on the evolution of female preferences for alternative male nuptial colours (red and blue) in the genus Pundamilia. Here, we review the current evidence for divergent sensory drive in this system, extract general principles, and discuss future perspectives. 相似文献
5.
Fine structure of aphid stylet routes in plant tissues in correlation with EPG signals 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Abstract. Plant penetration by Aphis fabae (Scopoli) was recorded by the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique and followed by stylectomy during wave-forms that were suspected of indicating sieve element punctures. The severed stylets in the plant tissue were subsequently processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and sectioned either transverse or longitudinal to the stylets. Two completely serially sectioned probes from the epidermis to the phloem were reconstructed.
In one probe the stylet pathway went to a sieve element and showed many empty branches of salivary sheath material. Breaks in cell walls filled with sheath material demonstrated that the majority of cells bordering the track had been punctured, which supports earlier evidence from EPGs. All types of cells showed punctures and the highest number was found inside the vascular bundle. Very few cells died, which would appear to be important for virus transmission, and in others cellular reactions remained limited to some callose formation. The route of the stylets was intercellular and passed through the secondary wall material. The role of pectinase in intercellular penetration, and previous evidence for intracellular tracks are discussed. Most sieve elements had been punctured but only one was eventually accepted. Thus, reaching a sieve element in a host plant does not automatically imply its acceptance though the reason remains unclear. Gelation of phloem proteins was shown in the stylet canal.
In a second probe, plant cytological and morphological correlations with the EPG were emphasized. Probes by other aphid-plant combinations showed great similarity. 相似文献
In one probe the stylet pathway went to a sieve element and showed many empty branches of salivary sheath material. Breaks in cell walls filled with sheath material demonstrated that the majority of cells bordering the track had been punctured, which supports earlier evidence from EPGs. All types of cells showed punctures and the highest number was found inside the vascular bundle. Very few cells died, which would appear to be important for virus transmission, and in others cellular reactions remained limited to some callose formation. The route of the stylets was intercellular and passed through the secondary wall material. The role of pectinase in intercellular penetration, and previous evidence for intracellular tracks are discussed. Most sieve elements had been punctured but only one was eventually accepted. Thus, reaching a sieve element in a host plant does not automatically imply its acceptance though the reason remains unclear. Gelation of phloem proteins was shown in the stylet canal.
In a second probe, plant cytological and morphological correlations with the EPG were emphasized. Probes by other aphid-plant combinations showed great similarity. 相似文献
6.
Visual systems of vertebrates exhibit a striking level of diversity, reflecting their adaptive responses to various color environments. The photosensitive molecules, visual pigments, can be synthesized in vitro and their absorption spectra can be determined. Comparing the amino acid sequences and absorption spectra of various visual pigments, we can identify amino acid changes that have modified the absorption spectra of visual pigments. These hypotheses can then be tested using the in vitro assay. This approach has been a powerful tool in elucidating not only the molecular bases of color vision, but the processes of adaptive evolution at the molecular level. 相似文献
7.
Does the primary visual cortex mediate consciousness for higher-level stages of information processing by providing an outlet for mental imagery? Evidence based on neural electrical activity is inconclusive as reflected in the “imagery debate” in cognitive science. Neural information and activity, however, also depend on regulated biophoton (optical) signaling. During encoding and retrieval of visual information, regulated electrical (redox) signals of neurons are converted into synchronized biophoton signals by bioluminescent radical processes. That is, visual information may be represented by regulated biophotons of mitochondrial networks in retinotopically organized cytochrome oxidase-rich neural networks within early visual areas. Therefore, we hypothesize that regulated biophotons can generate intrinsic optical representations in the primary visual cortex and then propagate variably degraded versions along cytochrome oxidase pathways during both perception and imagery. Testing this hypothesis requires to establish a methodology for measurement of in vivo and/or in vitro increases of biophoton emission in humans' brain during phosphene inductions by transcranial magnetic stimulation and to compare the decrease in phosphene thresholds during transcranial magnetic stimulation and imagery. Our hypothesis provides a molecular mechanism for the visual buffer and for imagery as the prevalent communication mode (through optical signaling) within the brain. If confirmed empirically, this hypothesis could resolve the imagery debate and the underlying issue of continuity between perception and abstract thought. 相似文献
8.
The object of this study is to mathematically specify important characteristics of visual flow during translation of the eye for the perception of depth and self-motion. We address various strategies by which the central nervous system may estimate self-motion and depth from motion parallax, using equations for the visual velocity field generated by translation of the eye through space. Our results focus on information provided by the movement and deformation of three-dimensional objects and on local flow behavior around a fixated point. All of these issues are addressed mathematically in terms of definite equations for the optic flow. This formal characterization of the visual information presented to the observer is then considered in parallel with other sensory cues to self-motion in order to see how these contribute to the effective use of visual motion parallax, and how parallactic flow can, conversely, contribute to the sense of self-motion. This article will focus on a central case, for understanding of motion parallax in spacious real-world environments, of monocular visual cues observable during pure horizontal translation of the eye through a stationary environment. We suggest that the global optokinetic stimulus associated with visual motion parallax must converge in significant fashion with vestibular and proprioceptive pathways that carry signals related to self-motion. Suggestions of experiments to test some of the predictions of this study are made. 相似文献
9.
目的观察吡哆胺对糖尿病大鼠视皮质高级糖基化终末产物(AGE)及其受体(RAGE)表达的影响,探讨吡哆胺对视皮质的保护作用。方法健康SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组(NC组)、糖尿病未治疗组(DM组)、糖尿病吡哆胺治疗组(PM组)和氨基胍治疗对照组(AG组)各20只,用链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立糖尿病模型,PM组和AG组分别于造模成功后第二天开始予吡哆胺和氨基胍灌胃。各组于治疗4w和12w后取材,用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法定量检测大鼠视皮质中AGEs含量,荧光免疫组化及图像分析半定量检测各组视皮质RAGE的表达。结果糖尿病治疗组和未治疗组血糖无显著性差异。4w时各组AGEs含量无明显差异,12w时PM组视皮质中AGEs含量与AG组、NC组比较差异无统计学意义,与DM组相比显著降低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。PM组视皮质中RAGE表达比DM组显著减少,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),但高于NC组(P0.05)。结论糖尿病大鼠12w后视皮质中AGEs含量和RAGE的表达高于正常对照组,吡哆胺类似氨基胍可减少AGEs的堆积,还能抑制RAGE的表达,减轻AGEs-RAGE通路作用导致的组织损伤,对视皮质具有一定的保护作用。 相似文献
10.