黄鳝骨硫酸软骨素提取纯化的初步研究

在稀碱-酶解提取基础上，辅以超声波破碎从黄鳝（Monopterus albus）骨中提取硫酸软骨素（Chondroitin Sulfate，CHS）。比较了三氯乙酸（TCA）法、Sevag法和等电点法除蛋白的效果，并进行了多糖的乙醇分级沉淀实验；粗品经离子交换树脂（CM22）和透析膜（3500Da）透析进一步分离纯化。研究结果表明酶解后用TCA法除蛋白效果好，再加入除蛋白液2倍体积95％乙醇可使大部分CHS沉淀析出；精制品经鉴定含有硫酸基，CHS含量达92．31％；琼脂糖凝胶电泳和红外吸收光谱结果显示精制品与标准CHS相似，初步确定提取物为CHS类多糖。     

Ecology and conservation of insectivorous bats in fragmented areas of macadamia production in eastern Australia

Microbats perform important ecological services in agro‐ecosystems, but several species are globally threatened by loss of roosting and breeding habitats. The successful conservation of bats in agricultural land requires adequate knowledge of their ecology. Using ultrasonic recorders, we studied the activity of insectivorous bats in areas of macadamia production in eastern Australia at two spatial scales: across woodland‐orchard transects at the local scale and across three levels of fragmentation at the landscape scale. At the local scale, activity patterns of ‘clutter’ and ‘edge’ specialists were consistently higher in woodland patches, gradually decreasing towards isolated orchards, where only a few ‘open’ specialists were active. At the landscape scale, bat community activity was affected by the level of fragmentation, partly because three of the most recorded taxa (Austronomus australis, Saccolaimus flaviventris and Miniopterus australis) had their highest activity in less‐fragmented areas. A distance‐based model explained 24% of the bat community activity based on a combination of six environmental variables. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that a number of bat taxa were associated with open areas of macadamia, whereas other taxa were associated with increasing values of landscape composition, and arthropod and water availability. In addition, total bat activity was highly correlated with foraging rate. These results suggest that most bat taxa were influenced by proximity to woodland and the degree of fragmentation, and only few taxa were able to exploit isolated orchards. Environmental factors that promote bat activity could be exploited to strengthen conservation efforts. Preserving remnant woodland and promoting habitat heterogeneity will benefit several bat species. In particular, the foraging activity of ‘edge’ specialists could be fostered by increasing landscape connectivity and maintaining unobstructed water bodies near macadamia orchards. Considering that bats forage as they navigate these areas, conservation efforts could also bring benefits to farmers through pest‐reduction services.     

超声提取和超声水解法从野葛根中提取纯化葛根素和大豆苷元

采用超声法从野葛根中提取葛根异黄酮,再将提取物在盐酸水溶液中超声水解结合有机溶剂萃取法从野葛根中分离纯化葛根素和大豆苷元。葛根素收得率为1．2％,纯度为97．8％;大豆苷元收得率为0．5％,纯度为98．2％。超声法从野葛根中提取分离葛根异黄酮活性成分葛根素和大豆苷元具有省时、节能、提取率和产品纯度高的优点。     

超声波促进胆固醇的分散对短杆菌产酶的影响

通过超声波分散胆固醇过程,研究了各工艺参数超声波剂量、处理时间、胆固醇添加量和乳化剂量等对胆固醇氧化酶产量和残留胆固醇量的影响。结果表明,当超声波剂量为2．5W／mL,胆固醇3．5‰～4.0‰,吐温-800．3％,20min作用培养基时酶活达到最高。     

超声提取-高效液相色谱法测定甘草中甘草酸含量

确定了制备甘草酸分析样品的超声波提取条件,0.3%稀氨水为溶剂,液固比50:1,提取时间5 h;确定了高效液相色谱法检测甘草酸含量的条件为ODS色谱柱(4.6 mm×25 cm,5μm),检测波长254 nm,检测温度为室温,流动相CH3OH/3%HOAc(V/V)为75/25,流速1 mL/min,进样量10μL,平均加样回收率100.20%,相对标准偏差为1.77%.结果表明超声提取-高效液相色谱法是一种准确度高,速度快的测定甘草中甘草酸含量的检测方法.     

番石榴叶中总黄酮最佳提取条件的探讨及其抑菌作用的研究

设计正交实验,采用超声波法从番石榴叶中提取总黄酮,综合各因素确定最佳提取条件为乙醇浓度40％,固料比（番石榴干叶：浸提剂）=1g：60mL,浸泡25h超声波处理时间50min,获得提取液总黄酮含量为9．9167％。采用牛津杯法做抑菌实验,结果表明番石榴叶和果实的水提、醇提粗提液对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、溶血葡萄球菌等均有很好的抑菌效果。叶和果实的总黄酮提取液的抑菌作用也很明显。番石榴有望作为药食同源产品和天然食品防腐剂进行开发利用。     

布朗葡萄藻脂质含量的荧光光谱检测方法的改进

布朗葡萄藻是一种含脂量高、开发潜力大的能源微藻,但因其细胞呈集落态且胞壁较坚厚,应用传统的尼罗红荧光光谱法测定其脂质含量时,通常因灵敏度低、重复性差而难以获得可靠结果.本研究通过超声波分散集落、二甲基亚砜辅助尼罗红进入细胞、优化染色条件,有效地解决了上述问题.具体方法为:藻液先经频率为20 kHz、发射功率为100 W的超声波按1 s/1 s(开/关)间歇处理20 s使细胞分散,而后依次加入与藻液等体积的15％二甲基亚砜溶液和3μg/mL尼罗红溶液,充分混匀后于黑暗中40℃染色10min,再于490nm激发光下进行荧光光谱检测.上述改进方法与传统方法相比,检测灵敏度提高了196.6％,反映检测重复性的相对标准偏差(RSD)由10.91％降至1.84％.该方法为布朗葡萄藻育种与培养等研究提供了快速、灵敏的脂质含量检测技术.     

苦丁茶防晒组分萃取工艺的可视化分析

对采用超声辅助法萃取苦丁茶防晒组分进行了较为系统的研究。选择萃取时间、萃取剂体积分数、萃取温度、样品细度4个主要影响因素,运用多因素多水平可视化设计法安排实验。以防晒光区的紫外吸收面积值作为防晒组分萃取含量的实验评定指标。用自主提出的多因素多水平实验结果可视化分析方法对多维空间实验数据进行分析。得出当ρ(苦丁茶)=0.20 g/L时,最佳工艺范围为萃取时间30～60 min、萃取剂体积分数φ(C2H5OH)为50%～70%、萃取温度50～65℃、萃取样品细度140～160目。     

正交设计和动态过程优化两面针超声提取工艺

以总生物碱提取率为指标,先用正交试验优化两面针的超声提取工艺,再动态过程精选提取工艺。最佳工艺条件为:复合酶预处理后,以体积分数60%乙醇(盐酸5 g/L)超声(250 W)提取3次,第1次以10倍量溶剂提取15 min,第2次以4倍量溶剂提取12 min,第3次以3倍量溶剂提取9 min,总生物碱提取率87.80%。该工艺高效、节能、省时,为工业生产奠定了实验基础。