多倍体经济贝类的育种研究现状

海水经济贝类在海水养殖中占有重要的地位,开展贝类育种、育苗对提高重要经济贝类的产量和质量意义重大。多倍体育种作为贝类育种的方法之一,研究者希望通过这种方法,诱导出个体大、生长快、肉质好的三倍体贝类,以提高群体生长速度,改善经济性状,增强养殖生物的抗逆性。对多倍体贝类的亲贝培育、育种原理、诱导方法、检测技术,以及生物学性状作了综述,最后探讨了多倍体研究中存在的主要问题。     

二倍体和三倍体太平洋牡蛎鳃扫描电镜的比较

利用扫描电子显微镜技术对二倍体和三倍体太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)鳃的表面结构进行了观察和比较。结果显示：三倍体牡蛎鳃丝的宽度、鳃丝间的距离较二倍体大;鳃丝的微细结构比二倍体更致密;鳃丝间通过丝问连接形成的孔洞大于二倍体。这些不同表明二倍体和三倍体呼吸及摄食可能存在差异。     

Spermatogonial transplantation in fish: A novel method for the preservation of genetic resources

Recent progress in genome-based breeding has created various fish strains carrying desirable genetic traits; however, methods for the long-term preservation of their genetic resources have not yet been developed, mainly due to the lack of cryopreservation techniques for fish eggs and embryos. Recently, we established an alternative cryopreservation technique for fish spermatogonia using a slow-freezing method. Furthermore, we developed a transplantation system to produce functional eggs and sperm derived from spermatogonia. Spermatogonia isolated from the testes of vasa-green fluorescent protein (Gfp) transgenic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were transplanted into the peritoneal cavity of triploid masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) hatchlings of both genders. The transplanted trout spermatogonia migrated towards the gonadal anlagen of the recipient salmon, into which they were subsequently incorporated. We confirmed that the donor-derived spermatogonia resumed gametogenesis, and produced sperm and eggs in male and female recipient salmon, respectively. Fertilization of the resultant eggs and sperm produced only rainbow trout in the first filial (F₁) generation, suggesting that the sterile triploid recipient salmon produced functional eggs and sperm derived from the trout donors. A combination of spermatogonial transplantation and cryopreservation could be a powerful tool for preserving valuable fish strains with desirable genetic traits and endangered species.     

通过异倍性水稻间杂交获得同源三倍体植株

以３个二倍体水稻（ＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）（２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２４）和３个同源四倍体水稻（２ｎ＝４ｘ＝４８）为杂交亲本配制６个自交组合和３０个杂交组合,试验结果表明,同源四倍体组合的结实率比较低（１０．０１％－２１．７８％）这可能与其花药内民包含的正常花粉粒比例小而异常花粉粒比例大有关,异倍性杂交组合的结实率更低（０．２０％－１．６４％）但在两种配组方式之间却存在着明显差异,即以同源四倍体水稻为杂交     

Production of xylooligosaccharides by xylanase from Pichia stipitis based on xylan preparation from triploid Populas tomentosa

Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) with DP 2-4 are important synbiotics used as food ingredients based on its prebiotic characteristics. In this work, the production of XOS from lignocellulosic material was performed by combined chemical-enzymatic methods. Xylan was prepared from triploid Populas tomentosa, and bioconverted into XOS by crude xylanase solution obtained from Pichia stipitis. The effects of reaction time, temperature, enzyme dosage, and pH value on the production of XOS were fully evaluated. Under the optimal condition (25 U g⁻¹ substrate, pH 5.4 and 50 °C), 36.8% of the xylan preparation was converted to XOS, equivalent to 3.95 mg/mL of the hydrolyzate. Xylobiose, xylotriose and xylotetrose were analyzed to be the main products of the enzymatic hydrolyzate, which together accounted for over 95% of the released oligosaccharides. Meanwhile, the effect of sonication pretreatment on the conversion efficiency of the xylan preparation was also investigated.     

胚乳性状的遗传模型和世代平均数

谷类作物的胚乳是三倍体组织,胚乳性状受3N遗传控制。本文分析了胚乳性状的遗传特征,建立了相应的遗传模型,推导了世代群体的平均数分量,并提出了研究胚乳性状基因效应的一些简单的交配设计。     

三倍体湘云鲫繁殖季节的性腺结构观察

在繁殖季节解剖３７尾龄和１６尾声龄湘云鲫,用光镜和电镜观察了湘云鲫的性腺结构。在湘鲫的性腺部位有三种类型的结构：（１）清巢型;精巢小叶内分布有精子细胞,精子细胞呈退化现象,没有发现有正常成熟精子。（２）卵巢型,该类型性腺的大部分为体积较小,分化程度较低的呈囊状排列的细胞,在这些小细胞中镶嵌着少量初级卵母细胞和体积较大的退化的卵母细胞。（３）脂肪型;该类型的性腺部位仅有两条脂肪组织,即没有卵巢结构,     

以异源四倍体体细胞杂种为父本杂交培育三倍体柑桔植株的研究

以 3个柑桔原生质体融合而来的四倍体体细胞杂种为父本 ,与二倍体单胚性种柚子 (Citrusgrandis)以及单多胚混合型品种“华农本地早”桔 (C.reticulata)有性杂交 ,授粉后 90 d,发现种子干瘪 ,大部分种子的胚败育。将干瘪种子在 MT附加 1mg/L GA3 或 50 0 mg/L麦芽浸出物的培养基中 ,经培养抢救 ,有 2 5.6%的种子萌发成苗或继续进行胚的生长 ,后者进一步诱导能形成丛芽 ,经试管嫁接或诱导生根形成完整植株。共获得 6个组合 73棵完整植株 ,染色体数检查表明 ,2 0株为三倍体 (2 n=3x=2 7) ,32株为二倍体 (2 n=2 x=18) ,8株为非整倍体 ,其它 13株还有待于进一步检查。     

Induced single fertilization in maize

 Bicellular pollen with one vegetative nucleus and one diploid arrested generative cell (”monospermic” pollen) was induced by trifluralin treatment of diploid maize plants at 7–9 days before flowering. The arrested generative cell (seemingly a diploid sperm cell) fused with the central cell of diploid plants and produced shriveled endosperm resembling that of a 2n×4n cross in maize. Dual pollination experiments with a purple embryo marker revealed single fertilization events in which the union of one sperm cell with the egg occurs but there is no union of a second sperm cell with the central cell. Singly fertilized ovules survived at least 4 days. Furthermore, many viable triploid plants were obtained. This technique therefore appears to have the potential for manipulating ploidy level in crops and may become useful in investigating fertilization mechanisms of angiosperms. Received: 1 October 1996 / Revision accepted: 8 January 1997     

Microsatellite-centromere distances and microsatellite diversity in different ploidy classes of Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus Chinensis)

This is the first report of microsatellite-centromere mapping in this commercial species Fenneropenaeus Chinensis, and will be important for providing fixed points in the linkage groups of genetic maps. Triploid Chinese shrimp was induced by heat shock. The fertilized eggs were treated either by retention of the first polar body or the second polar body to produce Meiosis I (MI) or Meiosis II (MII) triploid. The triploidy status in each Chinese shrimp could be confirmed by nine polymorphic microsatellite loci, in which the parents with different alleles and the female parents were each heterozygous. The nine loci were mapped in relation to their centromeres in three MII triploid families, which were induced by retention of the second polar bodies after fertilization with sperm. Microsatellite-centromere (M-C) distances ranged from 9.6 cM to 37 cM under the assumption of complete interference. Information on the positions of centromeres in relation to the microsatellite loci will represent a contribution towards assembly of genetic maps in F. chinensis. Twelve polymorphic microsatellites were used to assess the heterozygosity and allelic diversity in different ploidy classes. As expected, triploids were significantly more polymorphic than diploids. The diploids had an average heterozygosity and allelic diversity value of 0.86, whereas the triploids heterozygosity averaged 0.93 and had allelic diversity value of 1.29. However, MI triploids were not significantly more polymorphic than MII in the microsatellite loci.