Summary The daily course of stomatal conductance and transpiration was monitored on each separate face of vertical phyllodes of various acacias. The selected phyllodes had a north-south orientation so that one side faced eastwards and the other westwards. The principal measurements were made on Acacia longifolia and A. melanoxylon in Portugal in late summer and autumn, and additional measurements were made on A. ligulata and A. melanoxylon in Australia. In Portugal, irrespective of soil moisture status, conductance showed on early morning maximum with a subsequent gradual decline and sometimes a subsidiary peak in the late afternoon. Maximum conductances appeared to be a function of soil moisture status, whereas the decline in conductance in the late morning and afternoon was correlated with changes in phyllode-to-air vapour pressure deficits rather than changes in phyllode water status. The relationship of transpiration to phyllode water potential did not appear to be influenced by soil moisture status, although transpiration was less in drier soils and in the afternoons, this latter factor contributing to a marked hysteresis in the relationship. The opposing faces of the phyllodes exhibited a high degree of synchrony, showing parallel stomatal opening and closing, despite their large differences in irradiance. Stomatal conductance tended to be higher on the eastern faces in the morning and lower in the afternoon. In A. longifolia the daily average of relative conductance was much the same for both faces, but in A. melanoxylon that of the eastern face was higher and was retained even when the normal orientation of the phyllodes was reversed by turning them through 180°. Synchrony must be achieved by the stomata of both sides responding to common environmental or endogenous signals which are perceived by both surfaces with equal sensitivity. 相似文献
1. 1. In the consideration of ergonomic tasks the attempt is often made to combine the results of physiological research on human perspiration with technical factors such as the transfer of moisture through specific materials.
2. 2. The result of such attempts is often unsatisfactory due to the fact that the percentiles and frequency distribution of perspiration rates are often unknown or not taken into consideration.
3. 3. Further, the interaction between the human user and a particular environmental situation remains unaccounted for.
4. 4. This interaction can produce totally different reactions in both the user and the materials depending upon the specifics of the situation.
5. 5. In response to this deficit we tested 738 persons from various areas in Europe under laboratory conditions to determine perspiration rates and their statistical distribution.
6. 6. Despite the climatic differences existing within Europe, a uniform picture characterized by an extremely skewed distribution resulted.
7. 7. However, it was also shown that these values, including their statistical distribution and percentile ranks, can be strongly influenced by specific external conditions.
8. 8. In the design of human working and living environments it is necessary to examine the situation with research subjects whose perspiration rates are known in order to gain insight into the interactions existing between the human user and the material or technical aspects of the particular environment in question.
Author Keywords: Transpiration; European populations; body support; contact zones 相似文献
The influence of air vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and plant fruit load on the expansion and water relations of young tomato
fruits grown in a glasshouse were evaluated under summer Mediterranean conditions. The contributions of phloem, xylem and
transpiration fluxes to the fruit volume increase were estimated at an hourly scale from the growth curves of intact, heat-girdled
and detached fruits, measured using displacement transducers. High VPD conditions reduced the xylem influx and increased the
fruit transpiration, but hardly affected the phloem influx. Net water accumulation and growth rate were reduced, and a xylem
efflux even occurred during the warmest and driest hours of the day. Changes in xylem flux could be explained by variations
in the gradient of water potential between stem and fruit, due to changes in stem water potential. Misting reduced air VPD
and alleviated the reduction in fruit volume increase through an increase in xylem influx and a decrease in fruit transpiration.
Under low fruit load, the competition for assimilates being likely reduced, the phloem flux to fruits increased, similarly
to the xylem and transpiration fluxes, without any changes in the fruit water potential. However, different diurnal dynamics
among treatments assume variable contributions of turgor and osmotic pressure in F3 and F6 fruits, and hypothetical short-term
variations in the water potential gradient between stem and fruit, preventing xylem efflux in F3 fruits. 相似文献
Quinoa is regarded as a highly salt tolerant halophyte crop, of great potential for cultivation on saline areas around the world. Fourteen quinoa genotypes of different geographical origin, differing in salinity tolerance, were grown under greenhouse conditions. Salinity treatment started on 10 day old seedlings. Six weeks after the treatment commenced, leaf sap Na and K content and osmolality, stomatal density, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, and xylem sap Na and K composition were measured. Responses to salinity differed greatly among the varieties. All cultivars had substantially increased K+ concentrations in the leaf sap, but the most tolerant cultivars had lower xylem Na+ content at the time of sampling. Most tolerant cultivars had lowest leaf sap osmolality. All varieties reduced stomata density when grown under saline conditions. All varieties clustered into two groups (includers and excluders) depending on their strategy of handling Na+ under saline conditions. Under control (non-saline) conditions, a strong positive correlation was observed between salinity tolerance and plants ability to accumulate Na+ in the shoot. Increased leaf sap K+, controlled Na+ loading to the xylem, and reduced stomata density are important physiological traits contributing to genotypic differences in salinity tolerance in quinoa, a halophyte species from Chenopodium family. 相似文献
用LI-6400XT便携式光合仪测定了小叶榕(Ficus microcarpa L. f.)气生根的气体交换特征。结果表明气生根具有呼吸、蒸腾作用和空气吸湿作用。影响气生根呼吸作用的因素为年龄>空气温度>光强>相对湿度;影响蒸腾作用的因素为年龄>相对湿度>空气温度>光照。年龄小的气生根的呼吸和蒸腾作用较强,年龄大的尤其是木质化程度较高的气生根的呼吸作用较小,水分的释放(蒸腾作用)转变为水分的吸收(吸湿作用)。年龄小的气生根的CO2交换率与温度呈线性关系,温度越高,CO2交换率越大,呼吸越强;H2O交换率与相对湿度呈线性关系,相对湿度越大,H2O交换率越小,蒸腾越弱;年龄大的成熟气生根的H2O交换率与空气相对湿度呈线性关系,相对湿度越大,H2O交换率越小,蒸腾越小。 相似文献