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1.
Summary Among the fertile sugar beet lines with nuclear sterility maintenance genes, rf, in a homozygous recessive state, sublines capable of reverting spontaneously at a high rate to sterility were identified. Of 24 related fertile sublines studied, 6 were found to spontaneously revert to sterility with a frequency of about 19%. Genetic analysis confirmed the cytoplasmic nature of spontaneously arising sterility. Reversion to sterility in these sublines was accompanied by alterations in the mitochondrial genome structure: loss of the autonomously replicating minicircle c (1.3 kb) and changes in the restriction patterns of high-molecular-weight mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Southern hybridixation analysis with cloned minicircle c as a probe revealed no integration of this DNA molecule into the main mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of the revertants. Comparative BamHI and EcoRI restriction analysis of the mtDNA from the sterile revertants and fertile parental subline showed that the spontaneous reversion is accompanied by extensive genomic rearrangement. Southern blot analysis with cloned -subunit of F1-ATPase (atpA) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COX II) genes as probes indicated that the changes in mtDNA accompanying spontaneous reversion to sterility involved these regions. The mitochondrial genomes of the spontaneous revertants and the sterile analogue were shown to be identical.  相似文献   
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长花柱型滇丁香小孢子发生及雄配子体发育   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
利用常规石蜡切片法和细胞学压片法,对异型花柱植物滇丁香的长花柱型植株的小孢子发生、雄配子体发育及花粉萌发进行观察。结果表明:(1)长花柱型滇丁香具5枚花药,花药4室。(2)花药壁由1层表皮、1层花药内壁、2层中层和1~3层绒毡层组成;花药壁发育方式为基本型,绒毡层类型为腺质绒毡层。(3)小孢子母细胞减数分裂的胞质分裂为同时型,四分体排列方式为四面体型,偶有左右对称型;不同药室间小孢子母细胞减数分裂不同步。(4)成熟花粉粒为二细胞型。(5)小孢子发生和雄配子体发育过程正常,表明长花柱型滇丁香属于发育正常的两性花。(6)授粉4h后,长花柱型滇丁香的花粉在长、短两种花柱柱头上的萌发率分别达(91.8±1.6)%和(93.2±1.1)%,且两者间无显著性差异(t=1.585,df=8,p=0.152),表明长花柱型滇丁香的成熟花粉粒在长、短两种花柱柱头上的萌发均正常。  相似文献   
4.
Cell‐, tissue‐ or organ‐specific inducible expression systems are powerful tools for functional analysis of changes to the pattern, level or timing of gene expression. However, plant researchers lack standardised reagents that promote reproducibility across the community. Here, we report the development and functional testing of a Gateway‐based system for quantitatively, spatially and temporally controlling inducible gene expression in Arabidopsis that overcomes several drawbacks of the legacy systems. We used this modular driver/effector system with intrinsic reporting of spatio‐temporal promoter activity to generate 18 well‐characterised homozygous transformed lines showing the expected expression patterns specific for the major cell types of the Arabidopsis root; seed and plasmid vectors are available through the Arabidopsis stock centre. The system's tight regulation was validated by assessing the effects of diphtheria toxin A chain expression. We assessed the utility of Production of Anthocyanin Pigment 1 (PAP1) as an encoded effector mediating cell‐autonomous marks. With this shared resource of characterised reference driver lines, which can be expanded with additional promoters and the use of other fluorescent proteins, we aim to contribute towards enhancing reproducibility of qualitative and quantitative analyses.  相似文献   
5.
The aim of this work was to develop a photoperiod-sensitive male sterile rice with stable sterility. We developed Changguang S, an indica rice strain, by using a short critical day length. Differences in the fertility responses of Changguang S strain pollen to temperature and photoperiod under natural and controlled conditions were studied. The results showed that Changguang S strain exhibited stable sterility under long-day and low-temperature conditions (22°C, 15 days). The stability of sterility was significantly higher than that of other such rice strains, Nongken 58S and 7001S. The critical photoperiod for inducing male sterility in Changguang S was 13 h or shorter, and its duration was significantly shorter than that required for rice strains Nongken 58S and 7001S. It is suggested that Changguang S is a typical photoperiod-sensitive male sterile rice strain with a shorter critical day length and a lower critical temperature. It is promising to apply this strain to two-line hybrid rice production.  相似文献   
6.
Ritual fights are widespread across human populations. However, the evolutionary advantage associated with this behaviour is unclear because these fights rarely provide direct benefits such as territory, resources or mates. Here, the reproductive success of men competing in a traditional ritual fight, Sereer wrestling, was investigated for the first time. Involvement in wrestling had a significant positive effect on men’s number of offspring and a marginally significant effect on polygyny, controlling for age, body condition and socio‐economic status. These positive effects suggest that being involved in wrestling competition provides prestige, facilitating access to mates and thereby increasing fecundity. However, when women were interviewed on their preference concerning qualities of potential mates, the quality ‘being involved in wrestling competition’ was poorly ranked. This discrepancy may arise either from deceptive reports or from discordance between parents and daughters in the choice of a husband.  相似文献   
7.
邓道贵  孟琼  毛开云  张赛  封妮莎  肖琴琴 《生态学报》2009,29(12):6351-6358
在20℃、25℃下,将大型溞和老年低额溞分别按7+3(B组),5+5(C组),3+7(D组)的组合进行混合培养,以及用单种培养(10+0(A组),0+10(E组))作为对照,研究了温度和种间竞争对大型溞种群动态和两性生殖的影响.实验结果表明:在混合培养时,大型溞对老年低额溞产生明显的竞争优势.20℃、25℃下,单种培养的老年低额溞最大种群密度分别为大型溞的2.31和1.97,而在混合培养下老年低额溞的种群密度明显低于大型溞,在实验25d后几乎全部死亡.25℃下两种溞的种群密度之间存在极显著的负相关性(C组:r=-0.508,n=30,P<0.01;D组:r=-0.483,n=30,P<0.01).在20℃、单种培养下,大型溞在首次产幼溞时即出现雄体,且种群密度与雄体密度呈显著的相关性(r=0.678,n=24,P<0.01).大型溞的最大雄体密度(106 ind.(200ml)~(-1))和最大雄体比例(36.8%)均出现在20℃、单种培养下.25℃下,大型溞在混合培养的B组和C组首次产幼溞时即出现雄体,且雄体在混合培养B组的比例达28.2%.大型溞在25℃、单种培养下没有产生卵鞍,在混合培养下总计产生66个卵鞍,其中空卵鞍占51.5%,而在20℃、混合培养下没有卵鞍产生.实验结果暗示:在较高的温度下,种间竞争刺激了大型溞雄体的产生和卵鞍的形成,高密度的雄体有助于大型溞孤雌生殖雌体向两性生殖雌体的转化.  相似文献   
8.
Intralocus sexual conflict (IASC) arises when fitness optima for a shared trait differ between the sexes; such conflict may help maintain genetic variation within populations. Sex‐limited expression of sexually antagonistic traits may help resolve the conflict, but the extent of this resolution remains a subject of debate. In species with alternative male reproductive tactics, unresolved conflict should manifest more in a more sexually dimorphic male phenotype. We tested this prediction in the bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus robini), a species in which aggressive fighters coexist with benign scramblers. To do this, we established replicated lines in which we increased the proportion of each of the alternative male morphs using artificial selection. After approximately 40 generations, the proportion of fighters and scramblers stabilized at >0.9 in fighter‐ and scrambler‐selected lines, respectively. We then measured several female fitness components. As predicted by IASC theory, female fecundity and longevity were lower in lines selected for fighters and higher in lines selected for scramblers. This finding indicates that sexually selected phenotypes are associated with an ontogenetic conflict that is not easily resolved. Furthermore, we suggest that IASC may be an important mechanism contributing to the maintenance of genetic variation in the expression of alternative reproductive tactics.  相似文献   
9.
Sperm competition theory has traditionally focused on how male allocation responds to female promiscuity, when males compete to fertilize a single clutch of eggs. Here, we develop a model to ask how female sperm use and storage across consecutive reproductive events affect male ejaculate allocation and patterns of mating and paternity. In our model, sperm use (a single parameter under female control) is the main determinant of sperm competition, which alters the effect of female promiscuity on male success and, ultimately, male reproductive allocation. Our theory reproduces the general pattern predicted by existing theory that increased sperm competition favors increased allocation to ejaculates. However, our model predicts a negative correlation between male ejaculate allocation and female promiscuity, challenging the generality of a prevailing expectation of sperm competition theory. Early models assumed that the energetic costs of precopulatory competition and the level of sperm competition are both determined by female promiscuity, which leads to an assumed covariation between these two processes. By modeling precopulatory costs and sperm competition independently, our theoretical framework allows us to examine how male allocation should respond independently to variation in sperm competition and energetic trade‐offs in mating systems that have been overlooked in the past.  相似文献   
10.
The sterile insect technique (SIT) has been used successfully for the control of fruit flies. The efficiency of this technique can be significantly reduced when sterile released insects are exposed to adverse conditions and predators, as a great number of sterile insects die before reaching sexual maturity and thus fail to mate with wild females. Treatments with juvenile hormone (JH) analogues such as methoprene (M) significantly reduce the time to reach sexual maturity by sterile Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) males. In this study, we compared the sexual performance of non‐treated sexually mature males with young males that had been sexually accelerated with M. Furthermore, we compared the ability of M‐fed males in inhibiting female remating compared with sexually mature males. Results showed that at 5 days M‐fed males had lower mating success than mature males; however, 6‐day‐old (0.1%) M‐fed males had the same amount of matings as mature 13‐day‐old males. Young 5‐ to 10‐day‐old M‐fed males also had similar number of matings as mature non‐treated 12‐ to 17‐day‐old males. There were no differences in copula duration between treatments. Moreover, there were no differences between the fertility, fecundity or refractory period of females mated with either young male fed M or normal sexually mature males. These results indicated that young males that were sexually accelerated with M have the same sexual performance as non‐treated sexually mature males. Implications of using M as a pre‐release treatment for A. ludens controlled through SIT are discussed.  相似文献   
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