全文获取类型
收费全文 | 93587篇 |
免费 | 3023篇 |
国内免费 | 4757篇 |
专业分类
101367篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 881篇 |
2022年 | 2364篇 |
2021年 | 2769篇 |
2020年 | 1424篇 |
2019年 | 1837篇 |
2018年 | 1608篇 |
2017年 | 1262篇 |
2016年 | 1923篇 |
2015年 | 4060篇 |
2014年 | 7788篇 |
2013年 | 7026篇 |
2012年 | 5815篇 |
2011年 | 6959篇 |
2010年 | 5016篇 |
2009年 | 4796篇 |
2008年 | 4950篇 |
2007年 | 5279篇 |
2006年 | 3675篇 |
2005年 | 3314篇 |
2004年 | 2369篇 |
2003年 | 1995篇 |
2002年 | 1635篇 |
2001年 | 1220篇 |
2000年 | 1236篇 |
1999年 | 1325篇 |
1998年 | 1205篇 |
1997年 | 961篇 |
1996年 | 1000篇 |
1995年 | 1139篇 |
1994年 | 1001篇 |
1993年 | 950篇 |
1992年 | 881篇 |
1991年 | 869篇 |
1990年 | 732篇 |
1989年 | 711篇 |
1988年 | 663篇 |
1987年 | 605篇 |
1986年 | 520篇 |
1985年 | 721篇 |
1984年 | 1000篇 |
1983年 | 642篇 |
1982年 | 852篇 |
1981年 | 827篇 |
1980年 | 595篇 |
1979年 | 581篇 |
1978年 | 381篇 |
1977年 | 378篇 |
1976年 | 339篇 |
1974年 | 245篇 |
1973年 | 268篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
This paper is concerned with gene survival in a population which may increase without density dependence according to a generalization of the Moran model for haploid individuals. A selective advantage to one allele and the possibility of differential reproductive rates are allowed. Simple conditions are given for ultimate homozygosity to be certain and for the possibility of ultimate polymorphism. The results complement and extend those of Heyde (1981, 1982). 相似文献
2.
Abstract. Nutrient conservation in vegetation affects rates of litter decomposition and soil nutrient availability. Although resorption has been traditionally considered one of the most important plant strategies to conserve nutrients in temperate forests, long leaf life‐span and low nutrient requirements have been postulated as better indicators. We aimed at identifying nutrient conservation strategies within characteristic functional groups of NW Patagonian forests on Andisols. We analysed C‐, N‐, P‐, K‐ and lignin‐concentrations in mature and senescent leaves of ten native woody species within the functional groups: broad‐leaved deciduous species, broad‐leaved evergreens and conifers. We also examined mycorrhizal associations in all species. Nutrient concentration in mature leaves and N‐ resorption were higher in broad‐leaved deciduous species than in the other two functional groups. Conifers had low mature leaf nutrient concentrations, low N‐resorption and high lignin/N ratios in senescent leaves. P‐ and K‐resorptions did not differ among functional groups. Broad‐leaved evergreens exhibited a species‐dependent response. Nitrogen in mature leaves was positively correlated with both N resorption and soil N‐fertility. Despite the high P‐retention capacity of Andisols, N appeared to be the more limiting nutrient, with most species being proficient in resorbing N but not P. The presence of endomycorrhizae in all conifers and the broad‐leaved evergreen Maytenus boaria, ectomycorrhizae in all Nothofagus species (four deciduous, one evergreen), and cluster roots in the broad‐leaved evergreen Lomatia hirsuta, would be possibly explaining why P is less limiting than N in these forests. 相似文献
3.
Gian Maria Rossolini Patrizia Muscas Alessandra Chiesurin Giuseppe Satta 《FEMS microbiology letters》1994,119(3):321-328
Abstract Analysis of the Salmonella chromosomal region located upstream of the fimA gene (coding for the major type 1 fimbrial subunit) showed a close linkage of this gene to the folD gene (coding for the enzyme 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/5, 10-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase), indicating that the fim gene cluster of Salmonella , unlike that of Escherichia coli , has no regulatory genes located upstream of fimA and apparently terminates with this gene. The respective locations of the fim and folD genes in the E. coli and Salmonella genetic maps suggests that the fimA-folD intergenic region of Salmonella encompasses a junctional site of a genetic rearrangement that probably originated from the different chromosomal location of the fim genes in these species. 相似文献
4.
Binding of the cationic tetra(tributylammoniomethyl)-substituted hydroxoaluminum phthalocyanine (AlPcN4) to bilayer lipid membranes was studied by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and intramembrane field compensation (IFC) methods. With neutral phosphatidylcholine membranes, AlPcN4 appeared to bind more effectively than the negatively charged tetrasulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPcS4), which was attributed to the enhancement of the coordination interaction of aluminum with the phosphate moiety of phosphatidylcholine by the electric field created by positively charged groups of AlPcN4. The inhibitory effect of fluoride ions on the membrane binding of both AlPcN4 and AlPcS4 supported the essential role of aluminum-phosphate coordination in the interaction of these phthalocyanines with phospholipids. The presence of negative or positive charges on the surface of lipid membranes modulated the binding of AlPcN4 and AlPcS4 in accord with the character (attraction or repulsion) of the electrostatic interaction, thus showing the significant contribution of the latter to the phthalocyanine adsorption on lipid bilayers. The data on the photodynamic activity of AlPcN4 and AlPcS4 as measured by sensitized photoinactivation of gramicidin channels in bilayer lipid membranes correlated well with the binding data obtained by FCS and IFC techniques. The reduced photodynamic activity of AlPcN4 with neutral membranes violating this correlation was attributed to the concentration quenching of singlet excited states as proved by the data on the AlPcN4 fluorescence quenching. 相似文献
5.
V. Grant 《Plant Systematics and Evolution》2001,230(1-2):89-96
This paper deals with the use of cladistic methods and cladograms in phylogeny reconstruction in plant groups containing
numerous taxa. How accurate are the cladograms as to details? Accuracy tests at the level of details require an independently
known phylogeny, which excludes most plant groups, but such tests can be carried out in domesticated and experimental plant
groups which have documented pedigrees. Four such tests are known and are presented here: a new case in Gilia and three previously published cases in Avena, Hordeum, and Helianthus. The four cases include domesticated and experimental plants, use of morphological and molecular evidence, and presence of
dichotomous as well as reticulate phylogenies. The cladograms of the four plant groups all differ in significant details from
the known pedigrees. These results are discussed in relation to problems of interpretation of cladograms.
Received March 21, 2000 Accepted August 16, 2001 相似文献
6.
7.
The linkage of the Phi, Pgd, Po2, S, H and halothane sensitivity loci was followed in a Belgian Landrace family, heterozygous for these systems over 6 generations. Recombination next to the S locus occurred mainly in pigs belonging to this particular family. From this investigation the position of the S locus is proved to be outwith the Phi-Pgd region, next to Phi . Therefore the gene sequence S - Phi - Hal -H- Po2 -Pgd is proposed. Higher recombination rates were observed in the female parental line of the multiheterozygous family when compared to the male parental line. Additional data from animals, unrelated to this strain, confirm the evidence of close linkage of the S system to the nearest marker loci. 相似文献
8.
In this work, incorporation of plasmid DNA, pre-complexed with PEI, into polyelectrolyte multilayers has been studied to further develop platforms for local gene delivery. Polyplex embedding in synthetic and naturally degradable architectures was efficient for transfection of human hepato-cellular carcinoma cells. 相似文献
9.
From three Fouquieria sp. 12 iridoid glucosides were isolated and identified. Eight of these were structurally related to galioside (monotropein methylester), while four were hydroxy substitution products of deoxyloganin. In three cases the glucoside occurred together with the corresponding 10-O-acetate. 相似文献
10.
It has been proposed that amplification of genes for esterase that provide resistance to insecticides may originate from
transposition events. To test this hypothesis, we have constructed a minigene coding for a soluble acetylcholinesterase under
the control of a nontissue-specific promoter (hsp70). When introduced into Drosophila, the gene is expressed in all tissues and the extra acetylcholinesterase produced confers a low level of insecticide resistance
(twofold). The minigene was mobilized by crossing the initial transformant with a strain providing a source of P-element transposase.
After 34 generations of exposure to the organophosphate parathion, we obtained a strain with a higher resistance (fivefold).
This strain had only one extra Ace gene, which overexpressed acetylcholinesterase. Thus, following transposition, resistance resulted from the overexpression
of a single copy of the gene and not from gene amplification.
Received: 9 August 1996 / Accepted: 27 May 1997 相似文献