Species-area curves and estimates of total species richness in an old-field chronosequence

Average species-area curves were generated for vascular plants in 20 old-fields that were sampled in 1983, 1989, and 1994. These curves were fit with a saturating function to estimate total species richness for each old-field. Additional estimates of total species richness were generated by fitting the same saturating function to subsets of the species area curves and with a first-order jackknife procedure. Estimates of total species richness were strongly correlated with observed species richness. There was limited evidence suggesting that greater sampling was necessary to identify the same proportion of species in older, more species-rich old-fields.     

Vegetation fluctuation in mediterranean dune ponds in relation to rainfall variation and water extraction

Abstract. The structure of dune ponds hygrophytic vegetation has a spatial organisation in belts around the pond basin, closely related to water level and flooding regime. Doñana National Park has an important representation of temporal dune ponds, which are subjected to rainfall fluctuations and may be suffering the impact of water extraction from the neighbouring tourist resort. Permanent transects in a vegetation complex of five dune ponds have been monitored during a eight year period (1990-1997). This period was characterised by a number of dry years (annual rainfall around 300 mm), located between two wet cycles (800-900 mm). Transects were analysed in 1990 (wet period), 1994 (dry) and 1997 (wet) by hierarchical agglomera-tive clustering. During the dry period hygrophytic species showed regression, with a high mortality of some species like Ulex minor, while the xerophytic species advanced to lower areas. Seedlings of some xerophytic species colonised the dry surface of the pond basin. The lowering of the water table varied in the different ponds, ranging from 312 to 190 cm depending on topography and the distance to the pumping area. The new period of flooding during 1995-96 and 1996-97 cycles provided the opportunity for hygrophytic spe cies to re-establish themselves in their original places. This study suggest that changes in vegetation are caused by the interaction between weather conditions and human disturbance (water extractions). In our example man-made disturbance is more marked during the dry periods while wet periods tend to obscure the effects of water extractions. From a management perspective, long-term monitoring of water table and vegetation structure is revealed as a key procedure to the management of land-water ecotones on pressured areas and threatened habitats.     

Quantitative evaluation of temporal similarity in abundance of animal species

Summary A quantitative method is suggested for measuring the similarity of seasonal abundance patterns of different animal species. The method was applied to two sets of field data and produced biologically meaningful and interesting results.     

Factors affecting growth and nodulation ofHippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp.Rhamnoides in soils from two successional stages of dune formation

Summary To explain the decline of Hippopha? scrub in the vegetation succession in the dunes of The Netherlands, the growth and nodulation of Hippopha? plants grown in pots, using soil from an early stage (site AH) and a post-optimum stage (site HP), were investigated. In HP-soil nodulation, yield, and the nitrogen and phosphorus content of test plants were always lower and the number of necrotic nodules and the dry matter content were always higher than in AH-soil, even after inoculation with crushed nodules and the addition of a nutrient solution. Plants in HP-soil also had darker roots, less root hairs, a higher number of short lateral roots and a higher percentage of dead roots than those in AH-soil. These characteristics of adverse growth conditions disappeared upon ignition or gamma-irradiation of HP-soil. Possible explanations of these results are discussed. The degeneration of Hippopha? scrub cannot be ascribed to the age of the plants, the absence of sufficient infective endophyte particles or to abiotic factors such as unfavourable physical (particle size) or chemical soil conditions but is caused by biotic factors. No indications were obtained that plant-pathogenic fungi and bacteria are involved. HP-soil in contrast to AH-soil, however, contained large numbers of the nematodeLongidorus sp., a species known to cause root deformations. The conclusion was that this nematode is one of the biotic factors involved in the degeneration of the Hippopha? scrub. This degeneration is due to a restriction of the root system resulting in a low phosphate uptake, a low nodulation capacity and, as a consequence, a low nitrogen content. The results demonstrate that biotic soil factors are important in influencing succession in higher plant communities.     

Principles for linking fish habitat to fisheries management and conservation

A set of eight simple ecological and social principles is proposed that could enhance the understanding of what constitutes fish 'habitat' and, if implemented, could contribute to improved management and conservation strategies. The habitat principles are a small, interrelated sub‐set that may be coupled with additional ones to formulate comprehensive guidelines for management and conservation strategies. It is proposed that: 1) habitat can be created by keystone species and interactions among species; 2) the productivity of aquatic and riparian habitat is interlinked by reciprocal exchanges of material; 3) the riparian zone is fish habitat; 4) fishless headwater streams are inseparable from fish‐bearing rivers downstream; 5) habitats can be coupled – in rivers, lakes, estuaries and oceans, and in time; 6) habitats change over hours to centuries; 7) fish production is dynamic due to biocomplexity, in species and in habitats; 8) management and conservation strategies must evolve in response to present conditions, but especially to the anticipated future. It is contended that the long‐term resilience of native fish communities in catchments shared by humans depends on incorporating these principles into management and conservation strategies. Further, traditional strategies poorly reflect the dynamic nature of habitat, the true extent of habitat, or the intrinsic complexity in societal perspectives. Forward‐thinking fish management and conservation plans view habitat as more than water. They are multilayered, ranging from pools to catchments to ecoregions, and from hours to seasons to centuries. They embrace, as a fundamental premise, that habitat evolves through both natural and anthropogenic processes, and that patterns of change may be as important as other habitat attributes.     

Early post-fire tree regeneration in a Picea-Vaccinium forest in northern Sweden

Abstract. Age and size structure of saplings of Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris and Betula pubescens were examined in a 26-yr old forest fire area in a Picea abies-Vaccinium myrtillus forest in northern Sweden. Picea, which is a shade-tolerant species, had its maximum regeneration prior to the shade-intolerant Pinus. The shift from Picea to Pinus regeneration in the late 1970s, did not seem to be related to variations in summer temperature. Instead, it is suggested that Picea established in the shade created by dead trees, and, that increased reindeer browsing of Betula in combination with a simultaneous thinning of the tree layer, favoured Pinus recruitment. These regeneration patterns do not confirm conventional views of post-fire succession in Sweden.     

Short-term succession dynamics of macrobenthos in a salinity-stressed estuary

It is postulated that early succession is influenced by environmental conditions directly after a disturbance event and the temporal scale of succeeding disturbances. For example, Rincon Bayou, Texas, U.S.A. is an estuary stressed by large fluctuations in salinity ranging from oligohaline to hypersaline conditions; leading to the question: are benthic succession dynamics interrupted or affected by the temporal scale of salinity fluctuations? To answer this question, succession dynamics were investigated by manipulation of 1) initial environmental conditions, and 2) time between severe disturbances. The influence of environmental conditions and time course of succession were investigated by comparing two experiments. A synoptic-deployment experiment where samples were deployed at the same environmental conditions and a synoptic-retrieval experiment where samples were collected from deployments under different environmental conditions. Both experiments were conducted at varying time courses of 2-, 4- and 8-week durations between severe disturbances. Severe disturbances were simulated with defaunated sediment. Ambient conditions were simultaneously sampled as a reference. Environmental conditions directly affected succession. In the ambient study, succession occurred in conjunction with changes in environmental conditions. In the synoptic-deployment and synoptic-retrieval studies, environmental conditions at the time of retrieval were more important in determining community structure than deployment duration or initial environmental conditions at time of deployment. Initial environmental conditions were not the primary mechanism in regulation of succession because succession is likely interrupted by frequent salinity disturbances. The salinity-stressed estuary of Rincon Bayou appears to be in a constant state of early and intermediate succession because of frequent salinity-related disturbances.