Molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Schizothoracinae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes

The schizothoracine fishes, members of the Teleost order Cypriniformes, are one of the most diverse group of cyprinids in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and surrounding regions. However, taxonomy and phylogeny of these species remain unclear. In this study, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome of Schizopygopsis malacanthus. We also used the newly obtained sequence, together with 31 published schizothoracine mitochondrial genomes that represent eight schizothoracine genera and six outgroup taxa to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the subfamily Schizothoracinae by different partitioned maximum likelihood and partitioned Bayesian inference at nucleotide and amino acid levels. The schizothoracine fishes sampled form a strongly supported monophyletic group that is the sister taxon to Barbus barbus. A sister group relationship between the primitive schizothoracine group and the specialized schizothoracine group + the highly specialized schizothoracine group was supported. Moreover, members of the specialized schizothoracine group and the genera Schizothorax, Schizopygopsis, and Gymnocypris were found to be paraphyletic.     

Mitochondrial cytochrome b Sequence Variation and Phylogenetics of the Highly Specialized Schizothoracine Fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The complete 1140 bp mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences were obtained from 39 individuals representing five species of all four genera of highly specialized schizothoracine fishes distributed in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Sequence variation of the cytochrome b gene was surveyed among the 39 individuals as well as three primitive schizothoracines and one outgroup. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the group assignment based on 1140 bp of the cytochrome b sequence is obviously different from previous assignments, and the highly specialized schizothoracine fishes (Schizopygopsis pylzovi, Gymnocypris przewalskii, G. eckloni, Chuanchia labiosa, and Platypharodon extremus) form a monophyletic group that is sister to the clade formed by the primitive schizothoracine fishes (Schizothorax prenanti, S. pseudaksaiensis, and S. argentatus). The haplotypes of Schizopygopsis pylzovi and G. przewalskii were paraphyletic based on cytochrome b data, which most likely reflected incomplete sorting of mitochondrial DNA lineages. The diploid chromosome numbers of Schizothoracinae were considered in phylogenetic analysis and provided a clear pattern of relationships. Molecular dating estimated for highly specialized schizothoracine fishes suggested that the highly specialized schizothoracine fishes diverged in the late Miocene Pliocene to Pleistocene (4.5 × 10⁴–4.05 × 10⁶ years BP). The relationship between the cladogenesis of highly specialized schizothoracine fishes and geographical events of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau is discussed.     

南门峡裂腹鱼亚科鱼类形态相似种的分类学地位——形态趋同进化实例

受高原抬升所致的水系变迁及人类活动的影响,分布于南门峡河流的裂腹鱼亚科鱼类与黄河干支流种群间的基因交流受到长期限制。作为孤立小群体,探讨其分类学地位及其在小生境中的进化机制对了解青藏高原鱼类多样性和物种的形成、进化具有重要意义。本文采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和直接测序方法获得了南门峡裂腹鱼亚科鱼类(n=29)及其近缘种(n=19)共48个个体的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)细胞色素b(cytb)基因的全序列(1140bp),并以厚唇裸重鱼和尖裸鲤为外群构建了MP和Bayesian系统进化树。南门峡裂腹鱼亚科鱼类29个个体的序列经排序后,发现有100个(8·77%)多态性位点,共定义了16个单倍型,在系统进化树上分布于截然不同的两个族群中。其中5个单倍型(NMX3、6、7、13、15)与其近缘种花斑裸鲤和青海湖裸鲤形成单系群(MP99%,Bayesian98%),而其余11个单倍型(NMX1、2、4、5、8、9、10、11、12、14、16)与黄河干支流的黄河裸裂尻鱼形成另一个单系群(MP99%,Bayesian99%)。序列差异分析显示,分布于不同族群的南门峡裂腹鱼亚科鱼类之间存在较大的碱基差异(平均为7·42%),显示出种间差异水平,表明分布于南门峡河流的裂腹鱼亚科鱼类可能是花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼形态相似种的复合体。结合青藏高原隆升所致的气候环境变化和高原北部水系变迁的事件,推断形态趋同进化可能导致了南门峡河流裂腹鱼亚科鱼类形态相似种的共存,而小生境自然选择压力是引发适应性形态趋同进化的主要原因。     

怒江上游三种裂腹鱼类摄食及消化器官比较研究

于2017年5和6月以及9和10月在怒江西藏段收集了怒江裂腹鱼(Schizothorax nukiangensis)194尾、裸腹叶须鱼(Ptychobarbus kaznakovi)152尾,热裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis thermalis)117尾。综合运用3种多元分析方法分析3种鱼类摄食及消化器官形态的种间差异,结果显示,主要种间差异部位为头部及肠道;种间形态指标均为显著性差异(P <0.05);3种裂腹鱼的头部形态已有了一定程度的分化。鱼类食物组成及食物竞争情况研究表明,怒江裂腹鱼和裸腹叶须鱼属杂食性偏动物食性鱼类,两者食物重叠指数较高(0.91);热裸裂尻鱼属杂食性偏植物食性鱼类。食物多样性指数的种间差异明显。3种裂腹鱼营养及空间生态位均有分化,摄食与水温、流速和海拔等环境因素密切相关。     

玛曲渔场几种裂腹鱼类消化道的形态结构与其食性的相互关系

本文对玛曲渔场几种裂腹鱼类消化道的大体形态及显微结构进行了观察与比较,并对其结构与食性的关系作了初步探讨,结果如下:(1)这几种裂腹鱼类消化道的大体形态同林浩然(1962)报道的鲤科鱼类者一致,但显微结构差异甚大。与Mohsin(1961)报道的G.giurus鱼的显微结构相似。(2)各种硬骨鱼类分泌粘液的细胞组成不同,这种组成与食性有关。食道上皮除复层鳞形上皮外,还有复层柱状上皮。食道肌层的纤维走向与肠部者相反。(3)鱼类消化道的形态结构与其食性一致,主要表现在口腔、咽、食道和肠的长短方面。肠的显微结构,几乎没有对特有食性的适应变化。     

新疆裂腹鱼类的系统发生关系及物种分化时间

文章采用线粒体COI、ND4、16S rRNA基因联合数据分析了新疆分布的裂腹鱼类4属10个种或亚种的分子系统发育,并通过鲤亚科的分化时间、黄河上游和青海湖隔离的地质时间来校正分子钟,进而探讨了裂腹鱼类分化时间与塔里木盆地周边地区主要地质事件和气候变化的关系。结果发现,扁吻鱼属未能形成独立的分支,与塔里木裂腹鱼、厚唇裂腹鱼聚在一起。进一步基于COI基因序列,利用Kimura双参数模型计算遗传距离,发现扁吻鱼属和裂腹鱼属间的遗传距离未达到属间区别,扁吻鱼可能是裂腹鱼属内特化的物种;聚类分析结果不同于裂腹鱼属的形态学分类方法,不支持裂腹鱼属鱼类的亚属划分;原始等级裂腹鱼类(包括裂腹鱼属和扁吻鱼属)两个族群的分化时间(8.18 Ma)与新疆裸重唇鱼和斑重唇鱼的分化时间(7.67 Ma)均发生于晚中新世,这可能与8Ma左右青藏高原北缘和北天山抬升、塔里木盆地气候干旱化等重大地质事件和气候转型导致青藏高原北缘(昆仑山)和北天山水系间出现分离相关。而塔里木盆地裂腹鱼属鱼类现今的分布格局可能与第四纪喜马拉雅运动使盆地形成西高东低的地势、罗布泊成为塔里木盆地周边高山发源河流的汇水中心相关。     

怒江上游三种裂腹鱼类摄食及消化器官比较研究

于2017年5和6月以及9和10月在怒江西藏段收集了怒江裂腹鱼（Schizothorax nukiangensis）194尾、裸腹叶须鱼（Ptychobarbus kaznakovi）152尾,热裸裂尻鱼（Schizopygopsis thermalis）117尾。综合运用3 种多元分析方法分析3 种鱼类摄食及消化器官形态的种间差异,结果显示,主要种间差异部位为头部及肠道;种间形态指标均为显著性差异（P < 0.05）;3种裂腹鱼的头部形态已有了一定程度的分化。鱼类食物组成及食物竞争情况研究表明,怒江裂腹鱼和裸腹叶须鱼属杂食性偏动物食性鱼类,两者食物重叠指数较高（0.91）;热裸裂尻鱼属杂食性偏植物食性鱼类。食物多样性指数的种间差异明显。3种裂腹鱼营养及空间生态位均有分化,摄食与水温、流速和海拔等环境因素密切相关。     

Development of twenty-one polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for Schizothorax o&#x27;connori and their conservation application

Schizothorax o'connori, of the subfamily Schizothoracinae, is an endemic fish in the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet, China. To evaluate the population genetic diversity as a means of devising conservation strategies, a total of 21 polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite loci were isolated from S. o'connori using the fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats (FIASCO) protocol. The characterization of these loci was assessed against a panel of 42 individuals. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 29 with an average of 17.76. Expected locus-specific heterozygosity and the multilocus Shannon–Wiener diversity index ranged from 0.114 to 0.951 and from 0.280 to 3.131, with an average of 0.851 and 2.338, respectively. The cross-species amplification and applicability of these loci were tested against the two other Schizothorax species from the same river. These microsatellite loci will be valuable for further studies of population genetic diversity and genetic structure, and assessments of the artificial propagation release effect of S. o'connori and other related species.     

青藏高原裸裂尻属鱼类两个疑难种的分子系统学

裸裂尻鱼属[Schizopygopsis（Steindachner）]鱼类广泛分布于青藏高原各河流上游干支流及其湖泊之中,由于其广泛的分布域和特殊的生态环境而被生物学家视为青藏高原隆升过程中淡水鱼类物种起源、进化的模式物种。然而,该属鱼类种间具有非常相似的形态特征,致使大渡软刺裸裂尻鱼（Sp．malacanthus chengi）和前腹裸裂尻鱼（Sp．anteroventris）的分类学地位一直存在争议。本文采用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）和直接测序的方法,获得了裸裂尻鱼属两个分类疑难种和5个指名种（n=17）以及5个近缘种（n=5）共23个个体的细胞色素b（Cytb）基因的全序列（1140bp）,并以同亚科的齐口裂腹鱼（Schizothorax cprenanti）作为外群构建了ML、MP和Bayesian进化树。序列差异和分子系统学分析表明,Sp．malacanthus schengi和软刺裸裂尻鱼（Sp．malacanthus）间存在较大的差异（2．06％）,两者并不聚在同一枝上;Sp．anteroventris独立成一枝,与其它指名裸裂尻鱼间显示出较大差异（4．38％-5．53％）,综合其它形态差异共同提示,Sp．mnlacanthus chengi应提升为独立种,沿用Sp．chengi的种名,而Sp．anteroventris应该是裸裂尻鱼属的一个独立种。     

雅砻江中游厚唇裸重唇鱼种群结构与生长特性

于2020年10月至2021年3月在四川省甘孜藏族自治州雅砻江江段（雅江县至新龙县）采集厚唇裸重唇鱼（Gymnodiptychus pachycheilus）样本189尾,用以研究雅砻江中游厚唇裸重唇鱼的种群结构与生长特性,分析其野生资源现状、影响因素及保护对策。结果显示雅砻江中游厚唇裸重唇鱼调查种群由3-9龄组成,其中优势年龄组为4-6龄,占样本总数的87.83%;种群平均体长和体重分别为264.1 mm和250.5 g,雌雄性比为1.48：1,雌性和雄性最小性成熟个体年龄均为4龄,对应体长分别为202.0 mm和220.0 mm,对应体重分别为105.0 g和133.0 g;种群的平均肥满度为1.22,体长（L）与体重（W）关系式为W=5.00×10^-6L^3.146（R²=0.948,n=189）,属于匀速生长类型;种群体长和体重的Von Bertalanffy生长方程分别为L_t=727.5[1-e^{-0.097（t-0.508）}],W_t=5224.9[1-e^{-0.097（t-0.508）}]^3.146;生长拐点年龄为12.4龄,对应的体长和体重分别为505.2 mm和1568.3 g。研究表明目前雅砻江中游厚唇裸重唇鱼表现出年龄结构趋于低龄化,体型趋于小型化的种群结构特点,且具有自然寿命较长、生长缓慢、渐近体长较大等生长特性,加之雅砻江饵料基础和水文条件较差等因素,推测雅砻江中游厚唇裸重唇鱼所具备的种群增长潜力较低,其野生资源的自然恢复面临挑战。因此,应尽快开展雅砻江流域厚唇裸重唇鱼野生资源的保护工作。