荷木整树蒸腾对干湿季土壤水分的水力响应

降雨在时间上的非均匀分配导致森林土壤含水量呈现明显的干、湿季变化,并可能在干季形成水分胁迫,引起植物蒸腾变化。在监测环境因子的同时,利用Granier热消散探针连续监测荷木(Schima superba)的树干液流,以液流密度值计算整树蒸腾,并结合水力导度与叶片/土壤的水势差,探讨环境因子和水力导度对荷木整树蒸腾的协同控制。结果表明,华南地区的季节性降雨形成的干、湿季并未引起荷木蒸腾在季节上的显著差异,但对产生蒸腾的水力生理产生了显著影响。荷木蒸腾在干、湿季均与主要驱动环境因子(光合有效辐射PAR和水汽压亏缺VPD)呈显著正相关。在水热充足的湿季,荷木蒸腾主要受气孔导度调节;在干季,当空气水汽压亏缺达2.132 MPa时,水力导度与气孔导度协同控制蒸腾。整树水力导度对整树蒸腾的水力补偿出现在15:00—17:00,平均补偿值为0.08 g/s。利用蒸腾的估测值与实测值之间的差值量化荷木的水力补偿效应,是对水力导度与气孔导度协同控制树木蒸腾机理的深入探索。研究结果对于掌握季节性降雨不均背景下华南地区主要造林树种需水和耗水规律,有效发挥森林保水功能具有重要意义。     

The influence of light conditions and interspecific competition on the root foraging traits and seedling growth of two tree species

Abstract

Enriched nutrient patches within natural soil represent an important source of nutrients for tree growth. In the present study, pot experiments in a heterogeneous nutrient environment were conducted to investigate the influence of light conditions and interspecific competition on the root foraging traits and seedling growth of Pinus massoniana and Schima superba. The root foraging scale and the whole-seedling biomass of both species were decreased by shading. The result of this treatment was a lower sensitivity to nutrient heterogeneity in plants that underwent the shading treatment than in plants that were exposed to full-light conditions. The above-ground biomass and whole-seedling biomass of S. superba were not affected by competition with P. massoniana. In contrast, the above-ground biomass and whole-seedling biomass of P. massoniana were negatively affected by competition with S. superba. The more rapid rate of root extension and the more efficient resource uptake of S.superba appear to explain this effect. The species-specific patterns of the influence of environmental factors on foraging ability and seedling growth should be given thorough consideration and should be applied to afforestation and to the management of tree plantations.     

施氮对木荷3个种源幼苗根系发育和氮磷效率的影响

以浙北、闽北和赣南3个木荷有代表性的种源作为试验材料,通过人工控制施氮来研究氮沉降对林地贫瘠土壤上木荷幼苗生长和氮磷效率的影响.实验分为4个处理组,分别人工喷施NH4NO3溶液0、50、100和200 kg N hm-2·a-1.结果表明:氮沉降对木荷幼苗生长产生了不同程度的促进作用.木荷幼苗根系干物质重、总长、平均直径、根总表面积和总体积增加了33％-73％,其中＞0.5mm直径的根系生长最为显著,根系呈粗壮舒张型.随氮水平的提高,氮磷吸收效率与根系总长、根系体积、根系平均直径和总表面积相关性增强.在中氮水平下,木荷幼苗根系氮吸收效率受＞0.5mm根长的作用显著,而磷吸收效率与≤0.5mm,0.5-1.0mm和≥1.0mm 3种直径根系根长均显著相关.木荷种源间差异显著,福建建瓯种源根系发达,氮磷的利用效率更高,低氮水平对其根系生长促进作用显著;浙江杭州种源在低氮水平下,地上部分生长促进作用显著,苗高和地径较对照分别增长34％和26％,而根系生长发育迟缓,对氮素响应迟钝;低氮促进江西信丰种源整体增长,但随氮水平提高,地下部生长抑制加强.     

Effect of imitated global warming on Δ<Superscript>13</Superscript>C values in seven plant species growing in tibet alpine meadows

Open-top chambers were used to estimate the possible effects of global warming on δ¹³C of seven plant species grown in alpine meadow ecosystem. The δ¹³C values of plant species were lower after long-term growth in open-top chambers. In the course of experiment, temperature significantly increased inside the chambers by 4°C. Plant species grown at a lower elevation above sea level had higher δ¹³C values as compared to those grown at a higher elevation. This was in accordance with the effect of open-top chamber on δ¹³C values in plants. Greater availability of CO₂ and lower water vapor pressure at higher temperature inside the chambers, as indicated by an increase in discrimination against ¹³CO₂, probably result in more negative δ¹³C values of plants because higher stomatal conductance increases availability of CO₂ and causes greater discrimination against ¹³CO₂. The plant species studied could be the indicator species for testing global warming by the change in carbon isotope ratios at the two growth temperatures. This text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Seasonal Variation of δ13C of Four Tree Species: A Biological Integrator of Environmental Variables

Foliar δ13C values, an indicator of long-term intercellular carbon dioxide concentration and, thus,of long-term water use efficiency (WUE) in plants, were measured for Pinus massoniana Lamb., P. elliottii Engelm., Cunninghamia laceolata (Lamb.) Hook., and Schima superba Gardn. et Champ. in a restored forest ecosystem in the Jiazhu River Basin. Seasonal variation and the relationship between the foliar δ13Cvalues of the four species and environmental factors (monthly total precipitation, monthly average air temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, and monthly total solar radiation and evaporation)were investigated. The monthly δ13C values and WUE of the four species increased with increasing precipitation, air temperature, solar radiation, and evaporation, whereas δ13C values of the four species decreased with increasing relative humidity and atmospheric pressure. Despite significant differences in δ13C seasonal means for the four species, our results demonstrate a significant convergence in the responses of δ13C values and WUE to seasonal variations in environmental factors among the species investigated and that the δ13C signature for each species gives a strong indication of environmental variables.     

鼎湖山马尾松、荷木混交林生态系统碳素积累和分配特征

选取鼎湖山保护区3个马尾松9Pinus massoniana),荷木（Schima superba)针阔混交林样地,研究其生态系统的碳素积累和分配特征。结果表明,鼎湖山马尾松,荷木混交林乔木尾生物量（thm^-2)为：174.41-270.11。平均227.36,且均以马尾松的生物量居多（占54.9%-84.4%)。林下层植物生物量和地表现存凋落物量（thm^-2)分别为7.41-28.28和7.06-11.56。平均14.41和9.03。三个混交林生态系统总碳贮量（thm^-2)分别为146.35,215.30和205.79。平均为189.15,其中植被层碳贮量贡献率最大,依次占62.9%,61.9%和69.9%。平均65.0%;土壤层贡献率次之,依次占34.3%,35.5%和28.5%。平均32.8%;而地表现存凋落物层的贡献最小,仅占2.8%,2.6%和1.6%。平均为2.3%。此外,本文还对该生态系统植被碳吸存潜力进行了讨论。     

嘉兰块茎形成过程中物质变化的研究

嘉兰(Gloriosa superba L.)系百合科草本植物,其块茎含有秋水仙碱。本文研究块茎形成规律及其形成过程中物质变化。研究结果表明:块茎播后,新生的块茎在生长初期和后期生长速度都较慢,中期生长速度最快,也是嘉兰块茎产量形成的主要时期。块茎中营养物质主要是淀粉。新生块茎中淀粉含量,是随着新块茎的生长,其含量逐渐增高。叶片的光合速率和叶面积,从播后逐渐增加,开花前达到高峰,花后又逐渐降低。开花前如能增加光合叶面积,可为后期块茎生长提供较多物质。块茎中秋水仙碱含量是随着块茎的成熟与淀粉含量的渐增而增加,至收获期达到高峰。这一结果表明:收获未充分成熟的块茎,会降低秋水仙碱含量。     

基于Lake模型的Pb胁迫对木荷和栾树幼树叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响研究

以阔叶树种木荷和栾树1年生幼树为对象,采用室内盆栽,通过配制3个不同浓度梯度的Pb Cl_2溶液于盆栽土壤中(L1L2L3),对比研究Pb胁迫下两种幼树叶片叶绿素荧光参数的响应规律,运用Lake模型从能量平衡及分配的角度揭示不同浓度Pb胁迫下木荷和栾树光系统Ⅱ运转状况,并为木本植物幼树耐Pb程度的快速诊断提供数据支撑。结果表明:3个不同浓度的Pb处理下,两种供试幼树随着入射光强(PAR)的增大,除非调节性能量耗散(Y_(NO))以外其他叶绿素荧光参数均随着PAR的变化而变化,相对电子传递速率(r ETR)和可调节性能量耗散(Y_(NPQ))呈上升趋势,而光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)量子效率(Y_(Ⅱ))和光化学猝灭(q L)呈下降趋势。同时,两种供试幼树的最大光能利用效率(Fv/Fm)、r ETR、Y_(Ⅱ)、q L,随着Pb污染浓度的增加而降低,而Y_(NPQ)和Y_(NO)则随着Pb污染浓度的增加而升高。Pb对两种供试植物叶绿素荧光参数的抑制效果在最大净光合速率(Pn)上也有体现。本实验还得出,在L1浓度时木荷PSⅡ反应中心的开放程度能保持在较高水准,随着污染浓度的增大,其光能转化能力弱于栾树。同时,栾树调节能量耗散的能力和对Pb胁迫的敏感程度均高于木荷,进一步说明了栾树对Pb的耐性高于木荷。综合分析后得出,Y_(NO)和Y_(NPQ)可作为植物Pb胁迫的评价指标。