典型气候条件下东北地区生态系统水源涵养功能特征

东北地区是我国重要的生态功能区,其包含的典型生态系统具有独特的水源涵养功能,在防洪减灾,保障生态安全和人居安全中发挥着关键作用。以往有关水源涵养功能的研究主要是依托不同水文模型方法,从单一年份或多个年份的角度进行研究,较少考虑不同气候条件下水源涵养功能的空间分异特征。采用标准化降水蒸散发指数(Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index,SPEI)划分研究区的典型气候年份(干旱、正常和湿润);基于水量平衡法,结合SCS-CN模型以及Penman-Monteith方程对东北地区典型气候条件下生长季内的水源涵养功能进行研究。结果表明:(1)研究区水源涵养功能在不同气候条件下差异明显,三个典型气候年份生长季内的水源涵养总量分别为:干旱年(SPEI=-1.26)为2214.64亿m~3、正常年(SPEI=-0.22)为3231.49亿m~3和湿润年(SPEI=1.05)为3969.33亿m~3。(2)水源涵养功能空间变异突出,但在三种典型气候条件下呈现出一致变化,均表现为长白山地区水源涵养量最大,大小兴安岭地区次之,水源涵养量最低的地方主要出现在呼伦贝尔以西的草原地区,在东北平原的部分地区也有低值的出现,如白城、通辽、鸡西等地区,水源涵养量较一般的地方出现在东北平原大部分以农田为主的地区。(3)水源涵养功能除受气候因素的影响外,还取决于土地利用类型的变化,对于整个东北地区来讲,水源涵养总量表现为林地农田草地湿地,单位面积水源涵养量在干旱年和正常年表现为林地农田湿地草地,在湿润年份表现为林地湿地农田草地。研究结果揭示了东北地区三种典型气候条件下重要生态系统的水源涵养功能大小、空间分布特征及其主要驱动因素,可为区域生态空间规划和生态系统管理提供科学指导。     

Different responses of multispecies tree ring growth to various drought indices across Europe

Increasing frequency and intensity of drought extremes associated with global change are a key challenge for forest ecosystems. Consequently, the quantification of drought effects on tree growth as a measure of vitality is of highest concern from the perspectives of both science and management. To date, a multitude of drought indices have been used to accompany or replace primary climatic variables in the analysis of drought-related growth responses. However, it remains unclear how individual drought metrics compare to each other in terms of their ability to capture drought signals in tree growth.In our study, we employ a European multispecies tree ring network at the continental scale and a set of four commonly used drought indices (De Martonne Aridity Index, self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index, Standardized Precipitation Index and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, the latter two on varying temporal scales) to derive species-specific growth responses to drought conditions. For nine common European tree species, we demonstrate spatio-temporal matches and mismatches of tree growth with drought indices subject to species, elevation and bioclimatic zone. Forests located in the temperate and Mediterranean climate were drought sensitive and tended to respond to short- and intermediate-term drought (<1 year). In continental climates, forests were comparably more drought resistant and responded to long-term drought. For the same species, stands were less drought sensitive at higher elevations compared to lower elevations. We provide detailed information on the month-wise performance of the four drought indices in different climate zones allowing users the selection of the most appropriate index according to their objective criteria. Our results show that species-specific differences in responses to multiple stressors result in complex, yet coherent patterns of tree growth.     

1980—2013年中国陆地生态系统总初级生产力对干旱的响应特征

干旱事件通过影响陆地生态系统的组成、结构和功能显著改变整个陆地生态系统碳循环。陆地生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)是全球陆地碳通量中最大的组成部分,反映了陆地生态系统的生产力水平。本研究利用基于过程模型模拟的GPP数据(DLM GPP)、基于通量观测升尺度的GPP数据(FLUXCOM GPP)和标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),量化分析了1980-2013年中国陆地生态系统GPP和干旱的时空格局,讨论了不同时间尺度上GPP对干旱的响应特征。结果表明:1980-2013年,两种不同GPP数据在中国地区呈现的时间变化趋势的空间分布格局较为一致,上升趋势主要分布在西南地区,下降趋势主要分布在东北大部分地区;中国干旱面积的长期时间变化趋势略有下降,其中干旱化趋势主要位于秦岭淮河以南地区,而西北内陆地区则呈现明显的湿润化趋势;时间尺度上,GPP与SPEI年际变化格局基本吻合,1986、1997、2001和2011年等干旱年份的GPP显著降低;空间尺度上,北方大部分地区的GPP与SPEI呈正相关,南方大部分地区呈负相关,干旱对GPP的影响在半干旱地区表现更加明显;GPP对干旱的响应格局与选取干旱指数的时间尺度密切相关,而且不同方式估算的GPP对干旱响应和敏感度存在差异。因此,未来需进一步改进GPP模型和方法,增加观测站点,提高GPP估算的精确性。     

干旱和林分因子对树木死亡的影响——以美国德克萨斯州东部国家森林为例

为探讨不同时间尺度、气候因子及林分因子对森林中树木死亡的影响,本研究以美国德克萨斯州东部的4个国家森林中264个重复调查的森林样地为对象,使用近20年来美国森林清查4个周期的数据,估算其在清查周期和年度水平上的树木死亡率变化,并使用广义线性混合效应模型来分析气候因子(干旱强度、干旱持续时间、年均温和年降水量)、树木大小(胸径)和林分因子(树木胸高断面积、林分密度和林分年龄)对树木存活的影响。结果表明: 在重度干旱当年和重度干旱的清查周期中,森林的树木死亡率分别增加了151%和123%,天气干扰(干旱和飓风)和植物之间的竞争是其主要的影响因素;干旱强度(标准化降水蒸散发指数,SPEI)和干旱持续时间对树木的存活具有显著的负效应,年降水量对树木的存活具有显著的正效应;树木胸高面积对树木存活具有显著的负效应,树木大小、林分年龄和林分密度对树木存活均具有显著的正效应,但是大树比小树更容易受到天气影响而死亡;在重度干旱的清查周期中,松树种组的树木死亡率(2.1%)比阔叶树木种组(3.9%)低,天然林的树木死亡率(3.0%)高于人工林(1.9%)。在分析树木死亡率时,需同时考虑个体树木大小、林分因子与气候因子的相对重要性。     

青藏高原植被绿度变化及其对干湿变化的响应

青藏高原是全球气候变化的敏感区,特殊的自然环境孕育了极端脆弱的植被及其生态系统,已成为研究植被对气候变化响应的一个理想区域。植被易受气候变化的影响且响应可能因季节和植被类型而异。该研究将标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)和MODIS归一化植被指数(NDVI)分别作为干湿度和植被绿度指标,采用Sen’s斜率估计、BFAST模型和相关分析,分析了2000–2018年青藏高原植被绿度变化的时空格局特征,并探讨了植被绿度对干湿变化的响应。结果表明:2000–2018年青藏高原植被绿度呈上升趋势,但变化速率空间差异显著。大部分高原地区植被绿度于2012–2015年间存在突变,突变后普遍呈上升趋势,以藏北地区最为突出。青藏高原植被生长季NDVI与不同时间尺度SPEI整体呈正相关关系,且在生长季的中后期相关性逐渐增强。青藏高原植被对SPEI的响应表现出一定的年内周期性,草本植被(草甸和草原)区尤为显著。相对于森林和灌丛植被,草本植被对SPEI响应更为敏感,且在生长季的不同阶段对不同时间尺度的SPEI的响应存在明显差异。     

SPEI指数在中国东北地区干旱研究中的适用性分析

干旱指数的区域适用性是准确表征区域干旱的重要前提,本文以中国东北地区为典型研究区,探讨标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)在该地区应用的有效性。基于研究区90个气象台站的逐日气象资料,计算1961—2014年多时间尺度的SPEI指数。从Kolmogorov-Smirnov(K-S)拟合优度检验、SPEI与典型干旱事件核准、SPEI与农作物受旱灾面积及与土壤湿度相关性分析等方面,验证SPEI指数在东北地区的适用性。分析结果表明:1)东北地区多时间尺度的累积水分亏缺量符合Log-logistic分布,SPEI指数在东北地区的应用具备数学统计理论基础;2)生长季平均SPEI值与黑龙江省、吉林省和辽宁省农作物受旱灾面积比例均呈极显著负相关(P0.01);3)在1、3、6和12个月尺度下,SPEI与土壤湿度呈显著正相关(P0.05)的站点比例分别为90.2%、92.16%、90.2%和88.24%。综上所述,SPEI指数不仅满足数学理论统计的要求,而且与干旱灾情数据和土壤水分监测值均具有极度的关联性,说明其在东北地区干旱预测和定量化研究中具有较好的适用性。     

基于SPEI指数的1961-2014年东北地区气象干旱时空特征研究

干旱导致生态系统生产力降低,已成为全球观测的事实,并将在未来气候情景下继续加剧。揭示干旱的时空分布特征是抗旱防灾、保障农业生产安全、维持生态系统健康的迫切要求。应用标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）和经验正交函数（EOF）分解方法,分析东北地区干旱特征,揭示干旱发生的时空变化规律。基于东北地区90个气象台站,计算1961-2014年的SPEI指数,从干旱频率、干旱范围和干旱强度等方面研究其特征,并利用EOF分解方法解构干旱空间模态和时间系数。研究结果表明：1）东北地区干旱的时间差异明显。1961-2014年,东北地区以1983年、1995年和2008年为转折点经历了"干-湿-干-湿"的波动变化;夏季发生的干旱范围最大、强度最强,冬季的范围最小、强度最弱;2）东北地区干旱的空间分布差异大,西部干旱发生频繁、发生次数多、持续时间长、旱灾强度大;3）在1、3、6和12个月的多时间尺度下,东北地区年均SPEI变量场EOF分解的前3个主要空间模态均表现为全区一致型、南北相反型和东西相反型,其方差累积贡献率约为58%;4）随着研究时间尺度的增大,干旱的空间分布规律和时间变化趋势逐渐明晰,表明东北地区干旱具有明显的尺度特征。综上所述,基于SPEI指数对东北地区干旱进行多尺度时空分解,刻画了干旱的基本特征,并解构了干旱的时空分异规律,研究结果可为该区的干旱预警研究及生态系统灾害管理提供科学依据。     

Scots pine plantations growth adaptation to climate warming in locations at the southernmost distribution limit of the species

Under the current climate change conjuncture, understanding the forest plantations capacity of acclimation to warming and increased drought stress is crucial for forest managers. To get some understanding of their adaptability, plantations of similar provenance but located in climatically contrasting sites can be compared. Here we study the growth dynamics and their relationship with climate and drought in two Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plantations located in the center (Sierra de Guadarrama, wetter site) and south (Sierra Nevada, drier site) of Spain, the latter situated at the southernmost distribution limit of the species. Our objectives are to quantify the trends in radial growth of these plantations, to quantify the influence of climate on growth, and to project the plantations growth as a function of forecasted climate. Results reveal that the plantations from the drier site show lower, and less responsive to climate, growth and greater resilience than those from the wetter site. Furthermore, if the current climate-growth relationships continue in the future, these plantations would maintain the current limited growth rate during the 21st century. On the contrary, plantations from the wetter site show higher growth rate and more resistance to drought, and they are projected to increase growth under the warmer conditions forecasted for the 21st century. Our study shows that plantations in drier sites may have a great capacity to acclimate to local climate conditions and would not be negatively impacted by the projected climate warming.     

Towards a new approach for dendroprovenancing pines in the Mediterranean Iberian Peninsula

Dendroprovenancing studies frequently use site chronologies to identify the origin of archaeological and historical timber. However, radial growth (tree-ring width, TRW) of tree species is influenced by both local and regional climate scales. Here we investigate how the use of annually-resolved Blue Intensity (BI) measurements can enhance dendroprovenancing precision of black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) and Scots pine (P. sylvestris L.) on the Iberian Peninsula. Principal Component Gradient Analyses (PCGA) was used to assess geographical patterns of annual variation in different TRW and BI proxies of pine trees from two mountain ranges in the Central System and Andalusia in Spain. Local climate-growth relationships were quantified to identify underlying causes of identified groups with diverse growth patterns. Two distinct elevational groups were observed when performing PCGA on latewood BI time series with the response to summer drought as the main factor causing the differences. Both P. nigra and P. sylvestris BI time series were found to be more related to summer drought at low-elevation sites showing an increase in sensitivity at lower latitudes. PCGA of TRW time series allowed to discriminate between trees from Andalusia and Central System within the elevation groups. February and October temperatures were found to be the main climatic factors causing the differences in TRW time series among the high- elevation sites, whereas for low-elevation trees it was the average winter temperature influencing TRW. A subsequent leave-one-out analyses confirmed that including latewood BI time series improves the precision of dendroprovenancing of pine wood in the Iberian Peninsula.