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1.
The mixing performance of gastric contents during digestion is expected to have a major role on the rate and final bioavailability of nutrients within the body. The aim of this study was to characterize the ability of the human stomach to advect gastric contents with different rheological properties. The flow behavior of two Newtonian fluids (10−3 Pa s, 1 Pa s) and a pseudoplastic solution (K=0.223 Pa s0.59) during gastric digestion were numerically characterized within a simplified 3D model of the stomach geometry and motility during the process (ANSYS-FLUENT). The advective performances of each of these gastric flows were determined by analyzing the spatial distribution and temporal history of their stretching abilities (Lagrangian analysis). Results illustrate the limited influence that large retropulsive and vortex structures have on the overall dynamics of gastric flows. Even within the distal region, more than 50% of the flow experienced velocity and shear values lower than 10% of their respective maximums. While chaotic, gastric advection was always relatively poor (with Lyapunov exponents an order of magnitude lower than those of a laminar stirred tank). Contrary to expectations, gastric rheology had only a minor role on the advective properties of the flow (particularly within the distal region). As viscosity increased above 1 St, the role of fluid viscosity became largely negligible. By characterizing the fluid dynamic and mixing conditions that develop during digestion, this work will inform the design of novel in vitro systems of enhanced biomechanical performance and facilitate a more accurate diagnosis of gastric digestion processes.  相似文献   
2.
The polyploid species complex of Rosa villosa sensu lato (Rosa section Caninae subsection Vestitae) consists of three morphologically similar polyploid species: R. sherardii, R. mollis and R. villosa. Whereas R. sherardii is distributed in central Europe, R. mollis and R. villosa represent a vicariant species pair occurring in northern Europe and in mountains of central and eastern Europe, respectively. In this study we analysed multiple data sets (morphology, cytology, microsatellites, AFLP and plastid DNA sequences) to re‐evaluate the systematics of these species and to examine whether cytological differences are reflected in the taxonomy and geographical distributions. Furthermore, these data sets were used to evaluate hypotheses explaining the vicariant distribution of R. mollis and R. villosa. None of these data sets revealed a clear‐cut differentiation between the species. Cytological and molecular data argued for a discrete taxonomic position of the predominantly pentaploid R. sherardii, but these data did not support a separation between the mostly tetraploid R. mollis and R. villosa. Population genetics revealed that samples of the latter species were assembled according to ploidy, but not to species affiliation or geographical distribution. Thus, we assume that the cytologically polymorphic original species had a continuous range prior to the last glaciation period and survived on nunataks or in non‐glaciated coastal regions in northern Europe, but that it failed to recover its former range after the retreat of the ice sheets. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 174 , 240–256.  相似文献   
3.
Falong Lu 《遗传学报》2018,45(4):183-184
正The genetic information of a human being is encoded in the genomic DNA of about 3 billion base pairs.Every new individual starts from a one-cell zygote,or called fertilized egg,carrying genetic and epigenetic information from the parents.The developmental process from one single cell to a whole organism depends on the differential regulation of the genetic information encoded  相似文献   
4.
小麦温敏不育系YM3314的温敏特性及育性转换   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
以YM型小麦温敏雄性不育系YM3314为材料,通过分期播种和剪穗再生分蘖的育性试验分析各播期材料的育性与对应发育时期的气象因子相关性,以揭示YM型小麦温敏雄性不育系的温敏特性及其育性转换温度条件.结果表明:YM3314秋播完全不育或育性有稍微波动,春播稳定部分可育;各播期材料的育性与孕穗期和抽穗期日平均温度呈极显著正相关,而与孕穗期的平均相对湿度呈显著负相关;孕穗前5日至抽穗后5日是YM3314育性转换的关键时期,该段时期日平均气温达到18.18℃以上表现部分可育,低于18℃表现不育.研究证实,YM3314具有温度敏感特性,育性转换的敏感时期在孕穗前5日至抽穗后5日,育性转换的临界温度约18℃左右,在二系杂交小麦研究中有重要的利用价值.  相似文献   
5.
报道并描述了罂粟科一新变种--重瓣野罂粟(Papaver nudicaule var.pleiopetalum J.C.Shao,var.nov.).该变种与野罂粟的主要区别是具有重瓣花.  相似文献   
6.
The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), is one of the major pests of rice throughout Asia. Extensive use of insecticides for suppressing N. lugens has resulted in the development of insecticide resistance leading to frequent control failures in the field. The aim of the present study was to evaluate resistance in the field populations of N. lugens from major rice growing states of South India to various insecticides. We also determined the activity of detoxifying enzymes (esterases [ESTs], glutathione S‐transferases [GSTs], and mixed‐function oxidases [MFOs]). Moderate levels of resistance were detected in the field populations to acephate, thiamethoxam and buprofezin (resistance factors 1.05–20.92 fold, 4.52–14.99 fold, and 1.00–18.09 fold, respectively) as compared with susceptible strain while there were low levels of resistance to imidacloprid (resistance factor 1.23–6.70 fold) and complete sensitivity to etofenoprox (resistance factor 1.05–1.66 fold). EST activities in the field populations were 1.06 to 3.09 times higher than the susceptible strain while for GST and MFO the ratios varied from 1.29 to 3.41 and 1.03 to 1.76, respectively. The EST activity was found to be correlated to acephate resistance (r = 0.999, P ≥ 0.001). The high selection pressure of organophosphate, neonicotinoid, and insect growth regulator (IGR) in the field is likely to be contributing for resistance in BPH to multiple insecticides, leading to control failures. The results obtained will be beneficial to IPM recommendations for the use of effective insecticides against BPH.  相似文献   
7.
Extracts of Prunella vulgaris have been shown to exert antiestrogenic effects. To identify the compounds responsible for these actions, we isolated the constituents of P. vulgaris and tested their individual antiestrogenic effects. Rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, ursolic acid (UA), oleanolic acid, hyperoside, rutin and betulinic acid (BA) were isolated from the flower stalks of P. vulgaris var. lilacina Nakai (Labiatae). Among these constituents, UA and BA showed significant antiestrogenic effects, measured as a decrease in the mRNA level of GREB1, an estrogen-responsive protein; the effects of BA were stronger than those of UA. UA and BA were capable of suppressing estrogen response element (ERE)-dependent luciferase activity and expression of estrogen-responsive genes in response to exposure to estradiol, further supporting the suppressive role of these compounds in estrogen-induced signaling. However, neither UA nor BA was capable of suppressing estrogen signaling in cells ectopically overexpressing estrogen receptor α (ERα). Furthermore, both mRNA and protein levels of ERα were reduced by treatment with UA or BA, suggesting that UA and BA inhibit estrogen signaling by suppressing the expression of ERα. Interestingly, both compounds enhanced prostate-specific antigen promoter activity. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that UA and BA are responsible for the antiestrogenic effects of P. vulgaris and suggest their potential use as therapeutic agents against estrogen-dependent tumors.  相似文献   
8.
9.
Signal peptides are short peptides located at the N-terminus of secreted proteins. They characteristically have three domains; a basic region at the N-terminus (n-region), a central hydrophobic core (h-region) and a carboxy-terminal cleavage region (c-region). Although hundreds of different signal peptides have been identified, it has not been completely understood how their features enable signal peptides to influence protein expression. Antibody-derived signal peptides are often used to prepare recombinant antibodies expressed by eukaryotic cells, especially Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. However, when prokaryotic Escherichia coli (E. coli) are utilized in drug discovery processes, such as for phage display selection or antibody humanization, signal peptides have been selected separately due to the differences in the expression systems between the species. In this study, we successfully established a signal peptide that enables a functional antibody to be expressed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by focusing on the importance of having an Ala residue in the c-region of the signal sequence. We found that changing Ser to Ala at only two positions significantly augmented the anti-HER2 antigen binding fragment (Fab) expression in E. coli. In addition, this altered signal peptide also retained the ability to express functional anti-HER2 antibody in CHO cells. Taken together, the present findings indicate that the signal peptide can promote functional antibody expression in both prokaryotic E. coli and eukaryotic CHO cells. This finding will contribute to the understanding of signal peptides and accelerate therapeutic antibody research.  相似文献   
10.
Unique species of ceramide (Cer) with very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLCPUFA), mainly 28–32 carbon atoms, 4–5 double bonds, in nonhydroxy and 2-hydroxy forms (n-V Cer and h-V Cer, respectively), are generated in rat spermatozoa from the corresponding sphingomyelins during the acrosomal reaction. The aim of this study was to determine the properties of these sperm-distinctive ceramides in Langmuir monolayers. Individual Cer species were isolated by HPLC and subjected to analysis of surface pressure, surface potential, and Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) as a function of molecular packing. In comparison with known species of Cer, n-V Cer and h-V Cer species showed much larger mean molecular areas and increased molecular dipole moments in liquid expanded phases, which suggest bending and partial hydration of the double bonded portion of the VLCPUFA. The presence of the 2-hydoxyl group induced a closer molecular packing in h-V Cer than in their chain-matched n-V Cer. In addition, all these Cer species showed liquid-expanded to liquid-condensed transitions at room temperature. Existence of domain segregation was confirmed by BAM. Additionally, thermodynamic analysis suggests a phase transition close to the physiological temperature for VLCPUFA-Cers if organized as bulk dispersions.  相似文献   
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