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1.
Ming Pei You Brandon Lancaster Krishnapillai Sivasithamparam Martin John Barbetti 《Plant and Soil》2008,302(1-2):203-211
In Australia, in the past, pasture legumes were rotated mainly with cereals, but increasingly these rotations now involve
pasture legumes with a wider range of crops, including legumes. This increasing frequency of the leguminous host in the rotation
system may be associated with increased root rots in legumes in the current pasture-crop rotations. The primary aim of this
study was to see whether the pathogenicity on pasture legumes of strains of Rhizoctonia solani sourced from lupins and cereals (common crops in rotation with pastures) is associated with increased incidence of root rots
in pasture legumes in the disease conducive sandy soils of the Mediterranean regions of southern Australia. The second aim
was to determine sources of resistance among newly introduced pasture legumes to R. solani strains originating from rotational crops as this would reduce the impact of disease in the pasture phase. Fifteen pasture
legume genotypes were assessed for their resistance/susceptibility to five different zymogram groups (ZG) of the root rot
pathogen R. solani under glasshouse conditions. Of the R. solani groups tested, ZG1–5 and ZG1–4 (both known to be pathogenic on cereals and legumes) overall, caused the most severe root
disease across the genotypes tested, significantly more than ZG6 (known to be pathogenic on legumes), in turn significantly
>ZG4 (known to be pathogenic on legumes) which in turn was >ZG11 (known to be pathogenic on legumes including tropical species).
Overall, Ornithopus sativus Brot. cvs Cadiz and Margurita, Trifolium michelianum Savi. cvs Paradana and Frontier and T. purpureum Loisel. cv. Electro showed a significant level of resistance to root rot caused by R. solani ZG11 (root disease scores ≤1.2 on a 1–3 scale where 3 = maximum disease severity) while O. sativus cvs Cadiz and Erica showed a significant level of resistance to root rot caused by R. solani ZG4 (scores ≤1.2). O. compressus L. cvs Charano and Frontier, O. sativus cv. Erica, and T. purpureum cv. Electro showed some useful resistance to root rot caused by R. solani ZG6 (scores ≤1.8). This is the first time that cvs Cadiz, Electro, Frontier, Margurita and Paradana have been recognised
for their levels of resistance to root rot caused by R. solani ZG11; and similarly for cvs Cadiz and Erica against ZG4; and for cvs Charano, Erica, and Electro against ZG6. These genotypes
with resistance may also serve as useful sources of resistance in pasture legume breeding programs and also could potentially
be exploited directly into areas where other rotation crops are affected by these R. solani strains. None of the tested genotypes showed useful resistance to R. solani ZG1–4 (scores ≥2.0) or ZG1–5 (scores ≥2.5). This study demonstrates the relative potential of the various R. solani ZG strains, and particularly ZG1–4, ZG1–5, ZG4 and ZG6 to attack legume pastures and pose a significant threat to non-pasture
crop species susceptible to these strains grown in rotation with these pasture legumes. Significantly, the cross-pathogenicity
of these strains could result in the continuous build-up of inoculum of these strains that may seriously affect the productivity
eventually of legumes in all rotations. In particular, when choosing pasture legumes as rotation crops, caution needs to be
exercised so that the cultivars deployed are those with the best resistance to the R. solani ZGs most likely to be prevalent at the location. 相似文献
2.
Miyada Zamoum Nasserdine Sabaou Florence Mathieu Abdelghani Zitouni 《Biocontrol Science and Technology》2017,27(6):723-738
Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most problematic soil-borne pathogenic fungi for several crop cultures worldwide. This study highlights the effectiveness of high-antagonistic Streptomyces rochei strain PTL2, isolated from root tissues of Panicum turgidum, in controlling the R. solani damping-off and growth promotion of tomato (cv. Marmande) seedlings. The isolate PTL2 was characterised for in vitro biocontrol and plant growth-promoting traits. It exhibited remarkable positive results in all trials, including production of hydrogen cyanide, siderophores, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase and phytohormones, chitinolytic activity and inorganic phosphate solubilisation. PTL2 spores were formulated as wettable talcum powder, sodium alginate pellets and sodium alginate-clay pellets. Their abilities in the biocontrol of R. solani and plant growth promotion were investigated in autoclaved and non-autoclaved soils. Talcum powder and sodium alginate pellets significantly reduced the damping-off severity index compared to a positive control. The talcum powder exhibited the highest protective activity, reducing the disease incidence from 89.3% to 14.1%, whereas chemical seed treatment with Thiram® provided a disease incidence of 16.7%. Furthermore, the talc-based powder formulation resulted in greatest increases in the root length, shoot length and dry weight of seedlings. The interesting biocontrol potential and growth enhancement of tomato seedlings open up promising perspectives for the possible application of talcum powder formulation based on PTL2 spores in crop improvement. 相似文献
3.
Serena Moruzzi Giuseppe Firrao Cesare Polano Stefano Borselli Alberto Loschi Paolo Ermacora 《Biocontrol Science and Technology》2017,27(8):969-991
In an attempt to select potential biocontrol agents against Pythium spp. and Rhizoctonia spp. root pathogens for use in soilless systems, 12 promising bacteria were selected for further investigations. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that three strains belonged to the genus Enterobacter, whereas nine strains belonged to the genus Pseudomonas. In in vitro assays, one strain of Pseudomonas sp., Pf4, closely related to Pseudomonas protegens (formerly Pseudomonas fluorescens), showed noteworthy antagonistic activity against two strains of Pythium aphanidermatum and two strains of Rhizoctonia solani AG 1-IB, with average inhibition of mycelial growth >80%. Strain Pf4 was used for in vivo treatments on lamb’s lettuce against R. solani root rot in small-scale hydroponics. Pf4-treated and untreated plants were daily monitored for symptom development and after two weeks of infection, a significant protective effect of Pf4 against root rot was recorded. The survival and population density of Pf4 on roots were also checked, demonstrating a density above the threshold value of 105?CFU?g?1 of root required for disease suppression. Known loci for the synthesis of antifungal metabolites, detected using PCR, and draft-genome sequencing of Pf4 demonstrated that Pseudomonas sp. Pf4 has the potential to produce an arsenal of secondary metabolites (plt, phl, ofa and fit-rzx gene clusters) very similar to that of the well-known biocontrol P. protegens strain Pf-5. 相似文献
4.
5.
Mycoparasitism of Rhizoctonia solani by Endophytic Chaetomium spirale ND35: Ultrastructure and Cytochemistry of the Interaction 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The interaction between endophytic biocontrol agent Chaetomium spirale ND35 and the soil‐borne plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani was studied by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as further investigated by gold cytochemistry to assess the potential role of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) during the mycoparasitic process. Macroscopic observations of fungal growth in dual cultures revealed that pathogen growth inhibition occurred soon after contact with the antagonist, followed by the overgrowth of C. spirale on the colony of R. solani. The coiling of C. spirale around R. solani and intracellular growth of the antagonist in its host occurred frequently. Moreover, in advanced stage of interaction between the antagonist and the pathogen, The growth and development of C. spirale were associated with highly morphological changes of the host fungal cell, characterized by retraction of plasma membrane and cytoplasm disorganization. Further, TEM investigations through localization by gold immunocytochemistry showed that contact between the two fungi was mediated by an amorphous β‐1,3‐glucan‐enriched matrix originating from cell wall of the antagonist C. spirale and sticking to its host surface. At the same time, the hemispherical wall appositions which were intensely labeled by the antibodies of β‐1, 3‐glucan in cell wall of R. solani were induced to form at sites of potential antagonist entry. However, the antagonist was capable of penetrating this barrier, indicating that β‐1,3‐glucanases were produced during the mycoparasitic process. Localization of N‐acetylglucosamine residues (chitin) with the gold‐labelled wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) implicated that chitinases might be involved in the CWD of R. solani in this antagonistic process as well. This report is the first evidence about mechanisms of the interactions between C. spirale and R. solani in ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects. 相似文献
6.
7.
Ashara Pengnoo Ruedeekorn Wiwattanapattapee Amornrat Chumthong Mana Kanjanamaneesathian 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2006,22(1):9-14
Summay Soil samples were taken from 48 fields in the southern part of Thailand in which either bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) or groundnut (Arachis hypogeae) had been planted. Bacillus spp. were isolated using soil dilution plates and heat treatment to screen for endospore-producing bacteria. Among 342 Bacillus spp. isolates tested, 168 isolates were not antagonistic to Bradyrhizobium sp. strain NC-92 using dual culture technique. Further testing found 16 isolates of Bacillus spp. had the ability to inhibit mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani, a causal agent of leaf blight of bambara groundnut. Among these isolates, Bacillus spp. isolate TRV 9-5-2 had the greatest activity in anti-microbial tests against R. solani. This isolate was later identified as B. firmus. A powder formulation of B. firmus was developed by mixing bacterial endospores, talcum, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) and polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP).
The formulations contained bacterial levels ranging from 108 to 1010 c.f.u./g and the viability of bacteria in all formulations remained high after 1 year storage at room temperature (26–32 °C).
All formulations showed satisfactory effectiveness in vitro in suppressing mycelial growth of R. solani using dual culture technique. The application of formulations as seed treatment showed that these formulations did not cause
abnormality of seedling shape and had no effect on the germination of bambara groundnut seeds. 相似文献
8.
Susan L. F. Meyer Inga A. Zasada Daniel P. Roberts Bryan T. Vinyard Dilip K. Lakshman Jae-Kook Lee David J. Chitwood Lynn K. Carta 《Journal of nematology》2006,38(3):333-338
Extracts from the plants Plantago lanceolata and P. rugelii were evaluated for toxicity to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, the beneficial microbes Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma virens, and the plant-pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli, Phytophthora capsici, Pythium ultimum, and Rhizoctonia solani. Wild plants were collected, roots were excised from shoots, and the plant parts were dried and ground to a powder. One set of extracts (10% w/v) was prepared in water and another in methanol. Treatments included extract concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, and water controls. Meloidogyne incognita egg hatch was recorded after 7-day exposure to the treatments, and second-stage juvenile (J2) activity after 48 hours. All extracts were toxic to eggs and J2, with P. lanceolata shoot extract tending to have the most activity against M. incognita. Numbers of active J2 remained the same or decreased in a 24-hour water rinse following the 48-hour extract treatment, indicating that the extracts were lethal. When data from water- and methanol-extracted roots and shoots of both plant species were combined for analysis, J2 tended to be more sensitive than eggs to the toxic compounds at lower concentrations, while the higher concentrations (75% and 100%) were equally toxic to both life stages. The effective concentrations causing 50% reduction (EC50) in egg hatch and in J2 viability were 44.4% and 43.7%, respectively. No extract was toxic to any of the bacteria or fungi in our assays. 相似文献
9.
Control of blast and sheath blight diseases of rice using antifungal metabolites produced by Streptomyces sp. PM5 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Vaiyapuri R. Prabavathy Narayanasamy Mathivanan Kandasamy Murugesan 《Biological Control》2006,39(3):313-319
Two antifungal aliphatic compounds, SPM5C-1 and SPM5C-2 with a lactone and ketone carbonyl unit, respectively obtained from Streptomyces sp. PM5 were evaluated under in vitro and in vivo conditions against major rice pathogens, Pyricularia oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani. These compounds were dissolved in distilled water/medium to get the required concentrations. The well diffusion bioassay indicated that the of SPM5C-1 remarkably inhibited the mycelial growth of P. oryzae and R. solani in comparison to SPM5C-2. Though SPM5C-2 showed low antifungal activity against P. oryzae, it was not active against R. solani. Further, SPM5C-1 completely inhibited the growth of P. oryzae and R. solani at concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/ml. Greenhouse experiments revealed that spraying of SPM5C-1 at 500 μg/ml on rice significantly decreased blast and sheath blight development by 76.1% and 82.3%, respectively, as compared to the control with a corresponding increase in rice grain yield. 相似文献
10.
Masaru Matsumoto 《Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection》2013,46(9):1082-1088
In the present study, characterisation of genotypic variations of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA associated with rice sheath blight by Rep-PCR assay and their structure of the genotypic variations by monitoring vertical and horizontal movements of their populations at a short distance level were investigated in Japanese paddy fields. Differences of the Rep-PCR fingerprintings were observed and distinguished into four genotypic variations referred to as GI, GII, GIII and GIV, respectively. Although similarity index of each genotype showed high levels of homology (85–90%) within the same genotypes, low levels of similarity index (65–70%) were also varied among the comparison of different genotypes. Moreover, diversity of genotypic populations was observed which is consistent with the correlations between the geographical undulations of the paddy fields and the occupation of their genotypic populations, indicating the presence of genotype GI on low lands such as AK1 and also the presence ofgenotype GIV on high lands such as AK4. 相似文献