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1.
The current investigation aims to develop and evaluate novel ocular proniosomal gels of lomefloxacin HCl (LXN); in order to improve its ocular bioavailability for the management of bacterial conjunctivitis. Proniosomes were prepared using different types of nonionic surfactants solely and as mixtures with Span 60. The formed gels were characterized for entrapment efficiency, vesicle size, and in vitro drug release. Only Span 60 was able to form stable LXN-proniosomal gel when used individually while the other surfactants formed gels only in combination with Span 60 at different ratios. The optimum proniosomal gel; P-LXN 7 (Span 60:Tween 60, 9:1) appeared as spherical shaped vesicles having high entrapment efficiency (>80%), appropriate vesicle size (187?nm) as well as controlled drug release over 12?h. Differential scanning calorimetry confirmed the amorphous nature of LXN within the vesicles. Stability study did not show any significant changes in entrapment efficiency or vesicle size after storage for 3 months at 4?°C. P-LXN 7 was found to be safe and suitable for ocular delivery as proven by the irritancy test. The antibacterial activity of P-LXN 7 evaluated using the susceptibility test and topical therapy of induced ocular conjunctivitis confirmed the enhanced antibacterial therapeutic efficacy of the LXN-proniosomal gel compared to the commercially available LXN eye drops.  相似文献   
2.
刘金立  陈新军  李纲  李思亮 《生态学报》2014,34(17):5040-5051
西北太平洋柔鱼是中国大陆、日本及中国台湾鱿钓船队共同开发的主要经济头足类之一,如何兼顾鱿钓船队的渔业利益,并综合考虑生态效益、经济效益和社会效益,科学制定渔业管理目标是确保柔鱼资源可持续利用的重要研究内容。根据中国大陆、日本及中国台湾鱿钓船队的渔获统计数据及相关经济参数,构建基于多船队的生物经济模型,模拟了50年内(1997—2047年)各捕捞船队开发柔鱼资源过程中的动态变化,并探讨了在10种不同的管理方案下各船队捕捞努力量、柔鱼资源量、渔获产量及其渔业利润随时间的动态变化。结果表明,在所有设计方案下,随着捕捞努力量的动态变化,资源量在前10a均呈急剧下降趋势,随后经长期波动后逐渐趋于稳定并维持在较低水平。从长期效益来看,方案9(提高中国台湾船队捕捞系数)的累计产量及累计利润中等,但能兼顾各国或地区船队间的经济利益和社会效益,可建议以方案9作为柔鱼渔业的参考管理目标;从柔鱼资源保护角度来看,方案4(提高中国大陆船队作业成本)的资源量保持最好,可以对方案4进行适当的优化作为参考管理目标,即提高中国大陆船队作业成本,同时适当降低日本船队的可捕系数,可确保柔鱼资源量保持在更高的水平上。  相似文献   
3.
We studied the influences of food type, food quantity, water currents, starvation and light on growth and reproduction of the sea hareaplysia oculifera (Adams and Reeve, 1850) under laboratory conditions. Out of five species of algae served as food,Enteromorpha intestinalis promoted the fastest growth ofA. oculifera, Ulva spp. slower growth,Cladophora sp. allowed maintenance spp. slower growth,Cladophora sp. allowed maintenance of steady body mass, and the brown algaeColpomenia sp. andPadina pavonia were rejected by the sea hares. When sea hares were exposed to four levels of water currents, growth rates decreased as water currents increased. Sea hares fed on 50% ration grew slower than those fed on 100% ration (ad libitum). During 10 days of starvation sea hares lost weight, but when subsequently fed 100% ration they recovered and grew at a rate similar to those fed continuously with 100% ration. Under shade and under natural sunlight sea hares grew at the same rates. Whenever growth rates decreased, sea hares began to spawn at a smaller body size.A. oculifera demonstrated physiological plasticity that adapted them to varied and unpredictable environmental conditions. At different conditions of food availability they applied different tactics of resource allocation between growth and reproduction.  相似文献   
4.
气候变化和人类活动是对陆地生态系统碳循环产生重要影响的两个因素,定量评估气候变化与人类活动对植被净初级生产力(NPP)的相对影响,对深入理解其驱动机制和控制荒漠化发展具有重要意义。以疏勒河流域为研究区,利用遥感和气象数据计算潜在NPP(PNPP)及其与实际NPP(ANPP)之间的差值,分别衡量了气候变化和人类活动对流域NPP的相对影响。研究结果表明:(1)2001—2015年疏勒河流域年ANPP整体呈缓慢增加趋势,与全国和西北地区相比,普遍较低,流域植被整体生产力水平不高。流域年ANPP空间分布呈现上游祁连山区和中下游绿洲区ANPP较高,而中下游荒漠戈壁区ANPP较低的分布格局。(2)2001—2015年流域年PNPP的变化趋势表明,降水量的变化是导致疏勒河流域植被退化加剧或缓解的主要气候驱动因素,但气温的变化对植被的影响较为复杂。(3)2001—2015年流域大部分地区植被退化系人类活动造成的,但人类活动的负向影响力在减弱。(4)气候变化和人类活动对植被NPP的相对影响均表现出明显的空间异质性,其中人类活动是疏勒河流域植被变化的主要驱动因素。  相似文献   
5.
RNA-protein interactions play essential roles in regulating gene expression. While some RNA-protein interactions are “specific”, that is, the RNA-binding proteins preferentially bind to particular RNA sequence or structural motifs, others are “non-RNA specific.” Deciphering the protein-RNA recognition code is essential for comprehending the functional implications of these interactions and for developing new therapies for many diseases. Because of the high cost of experimental determination of protein-RNA interfaces, there is a need for computational methods to identify RNA-binding residues in proteins. While most of the existing computational methods for predicting RNA-binding residues in RNA-binding proteins are oblivious to the characteristics of the partner RNA, there is growing interest in methods for partner-specific prediction of RNA binding sites in proteins. In this work, we assess the performance of two recently published partner-specific protein-RNA interface prediction tools, PS-PRIP, and PRIdictor, along with our own new tools. Specifically, we introduce a novel metric, RNA-specificity metric (RSM), for quantifying the RNA-specificity of the RNA binding residues predicted by such tools. Our results show that the RNA-binding residues predicted by previously published methods are oblivious to the characteristics of the putative RNA binding partner. Moreover, when evaluated using partner-agnostic metrics, RNA partner-specific methods are outperformed by the state-of-the-art partner-agnostic methods. We conjecture that either (a) the protein-RNA complexes in PDB are not representative of the protein-RNA interactions in nature, or (b) the current methods for partner-specific prediction of RNA-binding residues in proteins fail to account for the differences in RNA partner-specific versus partner-agnostic protein-RNA interactions, or both.  相似文献   
6.
Empirical data on learners’ conceptual progression is required to design curricula and guide students. In this paper, we present the Reference Map Change Coding (RMCC) method for revealing students’ progression at a fine-grained level. The method has been developed and tested through the analysis of successive versions of the productions of eight cohorts (N = 100 total) of high school biology students groups, involved in a year-long inquiry-based learning design. Concepts and causal links expressed in students’ gradually refined explanations of biological phenomena are charted onto reference model maps. Trends within variability in all cohorts are measured by a consolidated Prevalence Index (cPI) counting the occurrence of each item across all versions of the students’ explanations. Results of a case study presented reveal great variability in patchwork progressions. Learners’ diverse and often surprising conceptual paths challenge the view of learning as a linear process. For example, some items consistently appear later, thereby offering empirical evidence of slow spots that require attention. We discuss possible causes, educational implications, and show that our method offers crucial insight into the process of learning as it happens. We finally argue that RMCC also could become a follow-up tool for interested teachers.  相似文献   
7.
The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii truncated light-harvesting antenna 4 (tla4) DNA transposon mutant has a pale green phenotype, a lower chlorophyll (Chl) per cell and a higher Chl a/b ratio in comparison with the wild type. It required a higher light intensity for the saturation of photosynthesis and displayed a greater per chlorophyll light-saturated rate of oxygen evolution than the wild type. The Chl antenna size of the photosystems in the tla4 mutant was only about 65% of that measured in the wild type. Molecular genetic analysis revealed that a single plasmid DNA insertion disrupted two genes on chromosome 11 of the mutant. A complementation study identified the “chloroplast signal recognition particle 54” gene (CpSRP54), as the lesion causing the tla4 phenotype. Disruption of this gene resulted in partial failure to assemble and, therefore, lower levels of light-harvesting Chl-binding proteins in the C. reinhardtii thylakoids. A comparative in silico 3-D structure-modeling analysis revealed that the M-domain of the CpSRP54 of C. reinhardtii possesses a more extended finger loop structure, due to different amino acid composition, as compared to that of the Arabidopsis CpSRP54. The work demonstrated that CpSRP54 deletion in microalgae can serve to generate tla mutants with a markedly smaller photosystem Chl antenna size, improved solar energy conversion efficiency, and photosynthetic productivity in high-density cultures under bright sunlight conditions.  相似文献   
8.
目的 了解银川市定点医疗机构总额预付制的实施效果,在此基础上探究总额预付制下不同方式下医保基金的控制与管理。方法 采用定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法,采用SPSS软件对数据进行分析,采用病例组合方法进行改进方法研究。结果 银川市总额预付制实施后费用控制效果不明显,次均费用等指标呈现上升趋势,同时也发现实施方案中存在一些问题。结论 针对总额预付实施方案中出现的问题,提出以病例组合平均费用作为总预付方案,控制费用的同时合理利用医疗资源,促进病人合理分流。  相似文献   
9.
The development of habitat suitability models requires a large amount of data which are rarely available. In this case, researchers need to get information on the ecological features of the studied species, based on the opinion of experts or on the literature, to construct a qualitative model. However, such models cannot be rigorously evaluated, as in most cases absence points are not available. In this paper, we assess the habitat suitability for a vulnerable insectivorous plant, Pinguicula crystallina Sibth. et Smith subsp. hirtiflora (Ten.) Strid (Lentibulariaceae) in the Campania region. Our aim was to develop an expert-based, presence-only model in support of possible conservation actions. Topographic and geological features of this species suggested by the literature were used in our model. Both the Boyce index and field surveys were chosen to evaluate the model's reliability. During field surveys, 31 absence sites and 1 new presence site were identified, and differences between sites with regard to water chemistry and quality were investigated, water being an element in the species habitat. Factors that affect reliability of the model, such as the lack of a large amount of information on the species and the limited spatial resolution of geographical information system data, are discussed.  相似文献   
10.
利用32P同位素示踪法对白浆土中P肥利用率进行了研究.结果表明,在岗地白浆土上,表层土壤表现出一定程度的供P不足现象,白浆层土壤有效P含量严重缺乏.表层土壤中当季P肥利用率的变幅范围为6.09~12.35%,白浆层土壤P肥利用率为13%左右.施用有机肥能明显提高白浆土Olsen P的含量,加速土壤本身P的活化,各种有机物中,以猪粪对土壤潜在P的活化效果最好.将Olsen P与X值、A值比较,认为Olsen P是评价白浆上P肥力简便易行的可靠指标.  相似文献   
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