无功能垂体瘤的术后评估

垂体瘤是常见的颅内良性肿瘤,患病率高,预后较好。在我国,其发病率仅次于胶质瘤和脑膜瘤。无功能垂体瘤约占垂体瘤22.5%,手术是其首选的治疗方式,以解除肿瘤的占位效应,减少对正常垂体组织的压迫。然而手术本身可能引起垂体功能减退,术后应对患者垂体功能的监测并予以处理。同时,由于手术及患者个体身体、心理原因,患者术后的生活质量也越来越受到重视。本文综述了无功能垂体瘤患者术后各内分泌轴功能的临床检测方法,以帮助临床医生对术后患者的垂体功能进行评估并重建;同时对术后患者生活质量的评估加以讨论,帮助指导患者恢复生理及心理健康。     

消水散联合利尿剂治疗癌性腹水的疗效及对患者免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨自拟消水散联合利尿剂治疗癌性腹水的临床疗效。方法:选取恶性肿瘤伴癌性腹水患者84例,按随机数字表法分组,分别为42例,对照组予以常规利尿剂治疗,研究组予以自拟消水散联合利尿剂治疗。观察并比较两组患者治疗前后血清TNF-α,IL-2,IL-4,IL-6,CD3~+,CD4~+及CD4~+/CD8~+含量的变化情况以及临床疗效。结果:与治疗前对比,两组治疗后血清TNF-α,IL-2,IL-4及IL-6均降低,CD3~+,CD4~+及CD4~+/CD8~+均升高,CD8~+均降低,CEA,CA125,CA153及CA199均降低(P0.05);与对照组对比,研究组治疗后血清TNF-α,IL-2,IL-4,IL-6较低,CD3~+,CD4~+及CD4~+/CD8~+较高,CD8~+较低,CEA,CA125,CA153及CA199较低(P0.05);研究组治疗有效率高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:消水散联合利尿剂治疗癌性腹水的疗效确切,能显著降低炎症指标及肿瘤标志物,提高机体免疫功能。     

不同麻醉方法对食管癌手术患者免疫及认知功能的影响

目的:探讨全麻或全麻复合硬膜外麻醉对食管癌手术患者的T细胞水平及术后认知功能的影响。方法:选择2014年1月至2015年12月于我院择期行开胸手术的食管癌患者100例为研究对象,根据手术时间顺序分为观察组(全麻复合硬膜外麻醉)和对照组(全麻),每组50例,观察记录两组患者诱导前、插管时、术中1 h、拔管后的平均动脉压(MAP)、血氧饱和度(Sp O2)和心率(HR);两组患者术前30 min、术后2 h、术后2 d和术后7 d的T细胞亚群水平,包括CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+;两组患者术前1 d,术后6 h,术后1 d,术后3 d的认知功能;术后认知功能障碍(POCD)发生率。结果:诱导前观察组和对照组患者的MAP、Sp O2和HR比较,差异均不显著(P0.05),插管时、术中1h和拔管后观察组患者的MAP和HR水平均明显低于对照组(P0.05),而Sp O2明显高于对照组(P0.05)。术后2 h,观察组和对照组的CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+值均较术前30 min明显降低(P0.05),但两组间各指标值无显著性差异(P0.05);术后2 d,观察组的CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+值均明显高于对照组(P0.05)。术后7 d,两组的T细胞亚群水平均较术前30 min无显著性差异(P0.05)。术后6 h和术后1 d,两组的MMSE评分均较术前1 d明显下降(P0.05),观察组术后1 d、3 d和7 d的MMSE评分均明显高于对照组(P0.05)。术后6 h,观察组的POCD发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05),术后1 d和3 d观察组的POCD发生率低于对照组,但无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:与单凭全麻比较,全麻复合硬膜外麻醉对食管癌手术患者的T细胞水平及术后认知功能的影响较小,术后恢复快。     

Establishing the role of detoxifying enzymes in field‐evolved resistance to various insecticides in the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) in South India

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), is one of the major pests of rice throughout Asia. Extensive use of insecticides for suppressing N. lugens has resulted in the development of insecticide resistance leading to frequent control failures in the field. The aim of the present study was to evaluate resistance in the field populations of N. lugens from major rice growing states of South India to various insecticides. We also determined the activity of detoxifying enzymes (esterases [ESTs], glutathione S‐transferases [GSTs], and mixed‐function oxidases [MFOs]). Moderate levels of resistance were detected in the field populations to acephate, thiamethoxam and buprofezin (resistance factors 1.05–20.92 fold, 4.52–14.99 fold, and 1.00–18.09 fold, respectively) as compared with susceptible strain while there were low levels of resistance to imidacloprid (resistance factor 1.23–6.70 fold) and complete sensitivity to etofenoprox (resistance factor 1.05–1.66 fold). EST activities in the field populations were 1.06 to 3.09 times higher than the susceptible strain while for GST and MFO the ratios varied from 1.29 to 3.41 and 1.03 to 1.76, respectively. The EST activity was found to be correlated to acephate resistance (r = 0.999, P ≥ 0.001). The high selection pressure of organophosphate, neonicotinoid, and insect growth regulator (IGR) in the field is likely to be contributing for resistance in BPH to multiple insecticides, leading to control failures. The results obtained will be beneficial to IPM recommendations for the use of effective insecticides against BPH.     

Life history patterns of river invertebrates

The initiation of invertebrate distribution patterns in rivers occurs by choice of oviposition sites and is influenced by the evolved reproductive strategies of the individual species. Subsequent redistribution by migration or drifting establishes patterns which are then modified by environmental influences on growth and mortality. Continuity of life cycles is sustained by variations on a number of defined life history strategies combined with evolved behavioural responses.     

Effect of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin on rabbit macrophage functions in vitro: mediation by splenic lymphocytes

Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) showed no direct effect on rabbit macrophage functions in vitro. However, when splenic lymphocytes were added to macrophage cultures, SPE caused marked augmentation of glucose consumption and superoxide anion production, and concomitant inhibition of phagocytosis without loss of cell viability. The SPE effects were demonstrated to be mediated by a soluble factor(s) released from the splenic lymphocytes in response to SPE stimulus.     

Harder,better, faster,stronger: Weapon size is more sexually dimorphic than weapon biomechanical components in two freshwater anomuran species

Sexual selection influences the evolution of morphological traits that increase the likelihood of monopolizing scarce resources. When such traits are used during contests, they are termed weapons. Given that resources are typically linked to monopolizing mating partners, theory expects only males to bear weapons. In some species, however, females also bear weapons, although typically smaller than male weapons. Understanding why females bear smaller weapons can thus help us understand the selective pressures behind weapon evolution. However, most of our knowledge comes from studies on weapon size, while the biomechanics of weapons, such as the size of the muscles, efficiency, and shape are seldom studied. Our goal was to test if the theoretical expectations for weapon size sexual dimorphism also occur for weapon biomechanics using two aeglid crab species. Males of both species had larger claws which were also stronger than female claws. Male claws were also more efficient than females' claws (although we used only one species in this analysis). For weapon shape, though, only one species differed in the mean claw shape. Regarding scaling differences, in both species, male claws had higher size scaling than females, while only one species had a higher shape scaling. However, male weapons did not have higher scaling regarding strength and efficiency than females. Thus, males apparently allocate more resources in weapons than females, but once allocated, muscle and efficiency follow a similar developmental pathway in both sexes. Taken together, our results show that sexual dimorphism in weapons involves more than differences in size. Shape differences are especially intriguing because we cannot fully understand its causes. Yet, we highlight that such subtle differences can only be detected by measuring and analysing weapon shape and biomechanical components. Only then we might better understand how weapons are forged.     

Counter‐perfume: using pheromones to prevent female remating

Strong selection to secure paternity in polyandrous species leads to the evolution of numerous chemicals in the male's seminal content. These include antiaphrodisiac pheromones, which are transmitted from the male to the female during mating to render her unattractive to subsequent males. An increasing number of species have been shown to use these chemicals. Herein, I examine the taxonomic distribution of species using antiaphrodisiac pheromones, the selection pressures driving their evolution in both males and females, and the ecological interactions in which these pheromones are involved. The literature review shows a highly skewed distribution of antiaphrodisiac use; all species currently known to use them are insects with the exception of the garter snakes Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis and T. radix. Nonetheless, many taxa have not yet been tested for the presence of antiaphrodisiacs, in groups both closely and distantly related to species known to express them. Within the Insecta, there have been multiple cases of convergent evolution of antiaphrodisiac pheromones using different chemical compounds and methods of transmission. Antiaphrodisiacs usually benefit males, but their effect on females is variable as they can either prevent them from mating multiple times or help them reduce male harassment when they are unreceptive. Some indirect costs of antiaphrodisiacs also impact both males and females, but more research is needed to determine how general this pattern is. Additional research is also important to understand how antiaphrodisiacs interact with the reproductive biology and sexual communication in different species.     

The effects of historical fragmentation on major histocompatibility complex class II β and microsatellite variation in the Aegean island reptile,Podarcis erhardii

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a key role in disease resistance and is the most polymorphic gene region in vertebrates. Although habitat fragmentation is predicted to lead to a loss in MHC variation through drift, the impact of other evolutionary forces may counter this effect. Here we assess the impact of selection, drift, migration, and recombination on MHC class II and microsatellite variability in 14 island populations of the Aegean wall lizard Podarcis erhardii. Lizards were sampled from islands within the Cyclades (Greece) formed by rising sea levels as the last glacial maximum approximately 20,000 before present. Bathymetric data were used to determine the area and age of each island, allowing us to infer the corresponding magnitude and timing of genetic bottlenecks associated with island formation. Both MHC and microsatellite variation were positively associated with island area, supporting the hypothesis that drift governs neutral and adaptive variation in this system. However, MHC but not microsatellite variability declined significantly with island age. This discrepancy is likely due to the fact that microsatellites attain mutation‐drift equilibrium more rapidly than MHC. Although we detected signals of balancing selection, recombination and migration, the effects of these evolutionary processes appeared negligible relative to drift. This study demonstrates how land bridge islands can provide novel insights into the impact of historical fragmentation on genetic diversity as well as help disentangle the effects of different evolutionary forces on neutral and adaptive diversity.