The building stones of Roman Sagalassos (SW Turkey): Facies analysis and provenance

Summary Different types of builing stones have been macro-scopically and petrographically characterized at the ancient city of Sagalassos (SW Turkey). The natural building stones include limestone, conglomerate, breccia, marble, travertine, granite and sand-to siltstone of different qualities. The provenance of most of the building stones may be related to local lithological units, both in the immediate area of the city and on its territory. Also, some stone types were clearly imported from considerable distance. Throughout the history of the city, local beige and pink good quality limestone remained the most important building stone. Both the high quality white limestone from the territory of the city and the marbles imported from a distance of 250 km, represent only a small fraction of the total amount of building stones used. While the use of the white limestone can be considered to form a clear but limited trend from the Trajanic period (98–117 AD) onwards, the import of the marbles must be considered as a rare event. The selection of building stone went hand in hand with the appreciation for structural strength and suitability for carving complex architectural decoration, together with the desire to obtain a polychrome architecture.     

Rapid genetic identification of local provenance seed collection zones for ecological restoration and biodiversity conservation

The ecological restoration of native plant communities requires the collection of large amounts of seed. Use of non-local provenance seed can have detrimental consequences for the success of restoration if there is a home-site advantage, and for nature conservation through the erosion of natural patterns of population genetic structuring and/or genetic swamping (and extirpation) of locally significant genotypes. As part of an ongoing project to genetically delineate local provenance seed collection zones for species within a large urban bushland remnant of high conservation value, we assessed population genetic differentiation in two widespread coastal leguminous species, Acacia rostellifera and A. cochlearis (Fabaceae), commonly used in restoration programmes in SW Australia. Using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), we found very high levels of genetic differentiation among populations, with an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showing more than 50% of the total genetic variance to be partitioned among populations (Φ_ST=0.58 and 0.51 for A. rostellifera and A. cochlearis, respectively), and marked non-overlap of almost all potential seed source populations from the local population in ordinations. Our results suggest extremely restricted natural dispersal among populations, possibly due to a combination of low seed set, seed dispersal by ants, clonality, a linear distribution of naturally fragmented populations and possibly low outcrossing rates. We suggest a narrow seed collection zone should be applied to these species for the conservation of genetic diversity and natural patterns of population genetic structure, and we highlight the value and importance of provenance evaluation to ecological restoration.     

不同种源喜树幼枝中喜树碱的含量

通过HPLC测定了喜树(Camptotheca acuminata)不同器官及不同种源幼枝中喜树碱的含量.结果表明,喜树碱含量在叶、种子和幼枝(幼叶和幼茎)中较高,木质部中较少,髓中最低.不同种源的幼枝中,来自成都种源喜树的喜树碱含量最高.通过比较,两年生喜树各器官中喜树碱含量普遍比一年生高,幼枝中顶枝的喜树碱含量比侧枝高.     

Typologie et provenance de l’obsidienne du site néolithique d’A Guaita (NW Cap Corse,Corse, France)

The provenance of a large fraction of the obsidians from the Neolithic site of A Guaita was determined for its three chronocultural layers, between the second half of the 6th millennium and the beginning of the 4th millennium. The elemental composition of 140 samples was obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM–EDS) and/or ion beam analysis (PIXE). One hundred and thirty-eight obsidians were found to come from Sardinia and the remaining two from Palmarola Island. This result confirms the almost unique presence of Sardinian obsidians in Corsica and extends this observation to the northern end of the island. The three main Sardinian obsidian types, SA, SB2, and SC, are represented at A Guaita, with a predominance of SB2 and SC. The occurrence of two obsidians from Palmarola suggests that occasional contacts with the Italian Peninsula were in effect from the 6th millennium, in agreement with previous data from ceramics.     

加勒比松种源苗期DNA甲基化多样性分析

为了解加勒比松(Pinus caribaea)种源的遗传多样性,利用甲基化敏感扩增多态性技术对加勒比松3个变种17个种源的DNA甲基化多样性进行了研究。结果表明,56对引物组合共扩增出425条谱带,其中多态性谱带422条,多态性百分率为99.25%。加勒比松种源幼苗半甲基化比率比全甲基化比率稍高,洪都拉斯加勒比松、古巴加勒比松和巴哈马加勒比松的DNA甲基化率分别为22.39%、22.29%和22.35%,差异不显著。加勒比松的DNA序列遗传多样性(H=0.4376)高于DNA甲基化多样性(H=0.3274),Mantel检验表明,基因组遗传变异与表观遗传变异不存在相关性(r=-0.171,P=0.16)。表观聚类与遗传聚类间存在较大差异,两种聚类分析结果均未将3个加勒比松变种分开。这表明加勒比松变种间的表观遗传变异极为丰富,能为加勒比松遗传改良提供优良种质资源。     

The morphological background to imbibition in seeds ofPinus sylvestris L. of different provenances

An examination was made of the structure of the coats of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seeds of different provenance and the contribution of this factor to differences in imbibition. The seed coat layers derived from the integument, the sarcotesta, sclerotesta and endotesta did little to restrict imbibition, even though the sclerotesta of the northern provenance seeds was composed of a double multicellular layer and the sarcotesta contained large numbers of pigmented, phenol-bearing cells. In addition to the micropyle, the sclerotesta was found to possess structural openings at the chalazal end and at the ridge joining the two halves of the seed, but being covered by the pigmented cells of the sarcotesta, these did not allow water to enter any more than did the micropyle itself. Imbibition was chiefly regulated by the lipophilic covers surrounding the endosperm, which are mainly of nucellar origin, especially by the megaspore membranes nearest to the endosperm, the outer and inner exine. The nucellar cap covering the micropylar end of the endosperm proved to be impermeable to water, and its edge extended between the exine layers, which further enhanced the importance of the endosperm covers as regulators of imbibition.     

长白落叶松激素含量与生长的关系及在早期选择中的应用

用间接酶联免疫吸附法测定了不同季节不同种源长白落叶松激素含量。结果表明：不同季节长白落叶松的激素含量不同,速生期长白落叶松赤霉素、生长素和细胞分裂素含量高,脱落酸含量低,赤霉素／脱落酸比值大,生长缓慢期测定结果恰好相反。各类激素含量在不同种源长白落叶松间的变异显著,且与生长性状的差异密切相关。生长快的种源赤霉素,细胞分裂素含量高,脱落酸含量低,赤霉素／脱落酸之比大。生长慢的种源则相反。回归分析表明     

Isozyme studies in provenance research of forest trees

Summary The nature and origin of the isozymes and the techniques for their detection in forest trees are briefly reviewed. The theories used to interpret the isozyme variation are summarized. Recent isozyme variation studies in provenance research are discussed in relation to known variation pattern detected by classical nursery and field tests. The populations of a tree species can be sometimes, but not always, distinguished by their isozyme patterns. For a number of species, relationships between environment of origin of the provenances and some isozyme frequencies have been statistically established. In one case (Picea sitchensis) where direct comparison between the variation pattern detected by isozymes and the genetic variation of silviculturally important traits was possible, no meaningful relationships between both patterns could be detected. Nei's genetic distances and indices of gene diversity do not appear to be useful in provenance research. The concept of genetic distance based on gene frequencies is probably not very useful in provenance research either.     

Variation in aboveground net primary production of diverse European Pinus sylvestris populations

On range-wide and regional scales, climate and site factors exert control over tree growth, masking the genetic basis of biomass accumulation and allocation. To determine intrinsic population differences in productivity, aboveground net primary production (ANPP) was measured in 16-year-old Scots pine from 19 geographically distinct populations grown in a common garden experiment in central Poland (52°N). The populations originated from the northern (>55°N), central (54–47°N), and southern (<45°N) European range of Scots pine. We calculated ANPP from aboveground growth components, using diameter-based allometric equations developed for this site. Average foliage, aboveground woody and total ANPP differed significantly among populations and were greater for central European populations than for the southern and northern ones. Stocking and total ANPP per tree were positively correlated to stand aboveground biomass (r ²≥0.71). The relationship between the latitude of seed origin and ANPP was curvilinear and maximum for populations originating near the planting site (52°N). ANPP declined in populations with increasing longitude eastward from the Atlantic Ocean towards the center of the continent. This study underscores the potentially large genetic control of ANPP and biomass accumulation among diverse Scots pine populations. Received: 3 January 2000 / Accepted: 29 March 2000     

不同地理种源长白落叶松生理生态特性的研究

在人工气候室中测定了１０个种源长白落叶松二年生硬枝扦插苗的光合、水分生理生态参数。结果表明,不同种源的长白落叶松生理生态参数变异较大,但有一定规律可循。各种源的总光合速率＞最大净光合速率＞净光合速率＞半饱和光强时的净光合速率＞光呼吸速率＞呼吸速率,只偶有例外。各参数中呼吸速率在各种源间变异最小,光呼吸速率变异较大,总光合速率变异最大。各参数在种源间的变化趋势均与净光合速率一致,即净光合速率大的种源其它参数也大,净光合速率小的种源其它参数也小。相对光呼吸在各种源间变异较大,其释放的ＣＯ２相当于光合固定ＣＯ２的总量的１／３。光补偿点、饱和点和半饱和点在各种源间的变异较大。水分利用率在各种源间的较大变异主要是由净光合速率引起,与蒸腾速率关系不大。净光合速率占总光合速率的百分比、呼吸功效、ＣＯ２补偿点、蒸腾速率和水势在各种源间变异不大