Mechanism of activation of Sepharose and Sephadex by cyanogen bromide

The mechanism of CNBr activation of polysaccharide resins like Sepharose and Sephadex has been elucidated using recently published analytical procedures for the determination of cyanate esters and imido carbonates. It was found that on agarose-based resins coupling of ligand occurs predominantly via cyanate esters, and not via imidocarbonates as in the case of Sephadex. This explains the different behaviours of Sepharose and Sephadex during CNBr activation.     

Capsular polysaccharide expressed by Pasteurella piscicida grown in vitro

Abstract Pasteurella piscicida grown in a glucose-rich medium produces a capsule that can be see under light and electron microscopy. The capsular polysaccharide was purified and characterized by chemical and HPLC analysis. The polymer has the composition glucose/mannose/ N -acetylgalactosamine/galacturonic acid/acetic acid in the molar ratios of approximately 2.5:1.3:0.5:0.4:2.5. The polysaccharide was immunogenic in rabbits and did not cross-react with antibodies against the O-antigen lipopolysaccharide.     

微波法和超声波法提取绿穗苋多糖响应面优化研究

绿穗苋是一种药食兼用作物,其中多糖成份具有很高的药食价值。本研究以绿穗苋地上部分为材料,以微波和超声波两种方法对绿穗苋多糖进行提取,并通过响应面分析法对提取进行优化,确定最佳工艺,通过水提醇沉的方法得到绿穗苋粗多糖。综合比较两种提取工艺,提取效果最佳工艺为微波提取法。其条件为:提取时间41.42 min,提取功率211.65 W,料液比1:33.338 (g/mL),实际得率为13.25%。该研究结果促进绿穗苋资源的有效利用,为绿穗苋多糖的提取工艺及产品的开发利用提供理论依据。     

TRAIL-based tumor sensitizing galactoxyloglucan,a novel entity for targeting apoptotic machinery

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an attractive target for cancer therapy due to its ability to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells, without causing significant toxicity in normal tissues. We previously reported that galactoxyloglucan (PST001) possesses significant antitumor and immunomodulatory properties. However, the exact mechanism in mediating this anticancer effect is unknown. This study, for the first time, indicated that PST001 sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer (A549) and nasopharyngeal (KB) cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. In vitro studies suggested that PST001 induced apoptosis primarily via death receptors and predominantly activated caspases belonging to the extrinsic apoptotic cascade. Microarray profiling of PST001 treated A549 and KB cells showed the suppression of survivin (BIRC5) and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, as well as increased cytochrome C. TaqMan low density array analysis of A549 cells also confirmed that the induction of apoptosis by the polysaccharide occurred through the TRAIL-DR4/DR5 pathways. This was finally confirmed by in silico analysis, which revealed that PST001 binds to TRAIL-DR4/DR5 complexes more strongly than TNF and Fas ligand–receptor complexes. In summary, our results suggest the potential of PST001 to be developed as an anticancer agent that not only preserves innate biological activity of TRAIL, but also sensitizes cancer cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis.     

Optimization of the demineralization process for the extraction of chitin from Omani Portunidae segnis

Chitin is an organic polymer and it is the most frequent marine natural polysaccharide after cellulose. The main natural sources of chitin are exoskeletons of insects, mollusks, the cell walls of certain fungi and crustaceans such as crabs, shrimps and lobsters. The waste of these marine exoskeletons are pollutant for the environment, but these waste raw materials could be useful for production of commercial products like chitin. Chitin is an important raw material used for water treatment, agricultural, biomedical, biotechnological purposes, food and paper industry and cosmetics. Based on the variety of importance, the present targets of this study are to optimize the demineralization process for the removal of calcium and phosphate contents from the waste of Portunidae segnis (P. segnis) by using acid at ambient temperature and to characterize the isolated demineralized sample as well as the percentage of remaining calcium and phosphorus contents by using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The prepared waste carbs coarse powder samples of P. segnis were demineralized with seven different concentrations of hydrochloric acid at ambient temperature for 1 h. All the demineralization samples by the different concentrations were analyzed by using sensitive ICP-OES. The results based on ICP-OES showed that among the seven different concentrations used in the demineralization process for the isolation of chitin, the best was 2 M of HCl concentration for the production of chitin. The results also showed that the optimized concentration 2 M HCl gave the minimum concentration of calcium and phosphorus compared to other concentrations applied in this experiment. In conclusion, the optimized concentration for demineralization process could be used commercially for the isolation or commercial production of chitin for agricultural, biomedical and biotechnological purposes.     

Effects of Na2SeO3 on growth,metabolism, antioxidase and enzymes involved in polysaccharide synthesis of Cordyceps militaris

The main objective of our study was to illuminate effects of sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) on growth, metabolism and enzyme activities of Cordyceps militaris. By adding Na₂SeO₃ in fermentation medium (7 mg/L), it was found that mycelium of C. militaris was stronger with more plump spores and its biomass was higher accompanied by the maximum (13.19 g/L) at 6 d of culture. Besides, Na₂SeO₃ also caused the enhancement of total thiol (T-SH), non-protein thiol (NP-SH) contents and the biosynthesis of Se-polysaccharide (Se-CMP) with discriminatory molecular weight, optical rotation, UV–vis and FT-IR spectra. Activities of antioxidase including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and enzymes involved in polysaccharide synthesis including phosphoglucomutase (PGM), phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), UDPG-pyrophosphorylase (UGP) enhanced to different extent. Their corresponding genes were also up-regulated but cat gene (encoding CAT). Se-enrichment of C. militaris provided a good way for desirable biomass and polysaccharide biosynthesis in further research.     

灰树花菌株的复壮及常压室温等离子体诱变

【背景】实验室所用灰树花菌株系长期继代培养,易出现菌株退化。【目的】通过菌株复壮的方法实现菌株的生物学活性及性状的恢复,并借助高效诱变仪对菌株实施诱变,以期得到活性更高、遗传稳定的诱变株。【方法】分别以PDA加富培养基和PDA-板栗壳培养基为培养基质,采用尖端菌丝分离法进行菌株复壮,得到回复菌株原有的生物学活性及性状的复壮株P-2,为了进一步提高菌株的高产性能,利用常压室温等离子体(atmosphericroomtemperatureplasma,ARTP)诱变技术作用于复壮株P-2菌丝体,最终筛选到一株性能优良、遗传稳定性高的诱变株b-35。【结果】复壮后的菌株P-2菌丝干重和多糖含量分别达到1.18%和19.01%,较出发株分别提高35.17%和35.11%,通过发酵罐验证菌株的发酵周期由48h缩短至32h,菌株发酵活性及效率明显提高。诱变株b-35菌丝干重和多糖含量分别达到1.56%和25.07%,较复壮株P-2分别提高了40.15%和39.33%。【结论】ARTP诱变方法易操作、无污染且诱变效率高,是获得灰树花高产菌株的重要方式。     

益智不同组织多糖含量及其生物合成途径分析

为了解益智（Alpinia oxyphylla）多糖生物合成途径关键酶功能,对其茎、叶、果实中的多糖含量及其单糖组成进行了研究,并采用Real-Time qPCR分析了益智多糖生物合成关键酶基因的表达模式。结果表明,益智多糖含量依次为果实 > 叶 > 茎,主要由葡萄糖、木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖和阿拉伯糖组成;利用益智转录组数据共获得47 690条unigenes,其中31 892条在NR、Swiss-Prot、KEGG、COG、KOG、GO和Pfam数据库获得注释,其中208个unigenes参与益智多糖的生物合成,涉及15个酶。表达分析表明,所筛选的18个基因在茎、叶、果实中均有表达,14个基因在果实中的表达量最高,以糖基转移酶基因和UDP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶基因的表达量最高,且其表达模式与不同组织中葡萄糖含量的变化一致。