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1.
目的:探讨下丘脑nesfatin-1与组胺信号通路间的相互作用及对摄食的影响。方法:采用第三脑室置管、药物注射、免疫组化、ELISA等方法,观察氟甲基组氨酸(FMH)、α螺旋促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)和促甲状腺激素释放激素(TRH)对Nesfatin-1诱导的抑制摄食的影响,以及Nesfatin-1与组胺信号通路相互影响调控摄食机制。结果:第三脑室注射nesfatin-1可显著减少大鼠摄食量,而第三脑室内预先注射FMH,nesfatin-1抑制摄食效应明显减弱,但FMH本身并不影响大鼠夜间摄食量。第三脑室注射nesfatin-1,可显著增加优降宁诱发的PVN、腹内侧核(VMH)、结节乳头核(TMN)内t-MH的积累;但腹腔注射nesfatin-1没有引起大鼠摄食改变,t-MH蓄积也无显著变化。第三脑室注射α螺旋CRH或抗TRH血清均可显著减弱nesfatin-1的抑食效应,而α螺旋CRH、抗TRH血清本身并不显著影响大鼠摄食量。第三脑室注射nesfatin-1可显著增加下丘脑PVN内CRH和TRH水平,且nesfatin-1可显著增加优降宁诱导的PVN、VMH和TMN内t-MH的表达,而α螺旋CRH或抗TRH血清可显著抑制nesfatin-1诱导的PVN、VMH和TMH内t-MH的蓄积。第三脑室注射组胺可显著增加大鼠下丘脑PVN内nesfatin-1含量,但LH、VMH、TMN以及血浆内nesfatin-1水平无显著改变。免疫组化研究显示,PVN内有nesfatin-1和H1-R免疫反应阳性神经元,且部分神经元共存。结论:Nesfatin-1的抑食效应可能与下丘脑组胺信号通路介导。  相似文献   
2.
《Chirality》2017,29(10):610-615
A novel, green possibility of the further purification of the diastereomeric salt of 4‐chloromandelic acid and 1‐phenylethane‐1‐amine was developed. Gas antisolvent method using supercritical carbon dioxide was applied for the first time to precipitate the diastereomeric salts with increased purity followed by the supercritical fluid extraction of the dissolved diastereomers. The RR ‐salt can be purified to >99%, while fractionation‐based purification of the SR ‐salt is limited to ~80%. The limiting initial diastereomeric excess correlates strongly with the atmospheric melting eutectic composition of the same salts, which suggests that despite the fast precipitation, the diastereomeric excess of the solid product is not kinetically determined. The efficiency of the diastereomeric enrichment is in the same range as that of the atmospheric reference experiments; however, technological advantages provided by the antisolvent precipitation method such as fast processing and dry product obtained suggest that this novel procedure is a promising alternative to the atmospheric methods.  相似文献   
3.
Although research on satiation has revealed much about the effect of sensory inputs on motivational state, we have yet to fully understand exactly how satiating signals influence the neural circuits underlying specific behaviors. One organism that is well suited for addressing this question is the nudibranch Melibe leonina, because its feeding activity is easily quantified, it has translucent skin that makes the stomach easy to observe, and it has large, identifiable neurons that are very suitable for subsequent analysis of the neural correlates of satiation. In this study our goal was to document the time course of satiation in Melibe, and determine if stomach distention contributes to satiation. When exposed to brine shrimp (Artemia), Melibe immediately commenced stereotypic oral hood movements to capture prey, and continued to do so for approximately five hours. Individuals eventually stopped, despite the continued presence of food, and the slowing and eventual termination of oral hood closures was correlated with distension of the stomach caused by the ingested Artemia. We obtained further evidence that stomach distension is one of the underlying causes of satiation by injecting artificial non-nutritive food into the stomach, and by cutting open part of the stomach wall to prevent it from filling and distending. The first treatment caused satiation to occur more rapidly, while the second treatment delayed satiation. Both results demonstrate that in Melibe stomach distention has a major impact on the motivation to feed. These findings provide the framework for subsequent studies designed to determine precisely how stomach distention influences feeding circuits.  相似文献   
4.
Muddy sediments are elastic solids through which morphologically diverse animals extend burrows by fracture. Muddy sediments inhabited by burrowing infauna vary considerably in mechanical properties, however, and at high enough porosities, muds can be fluidized. In this study, we examined burrowing behaviors and mechanisms of burrow extension for three morphologically diverse polychaete species inhabiting soft muddy sediments. Worms burrowed in gelatin, a transparent analog for muddy sediments, and in natural sediments in a novel viewing box enabling visualization of behaviors and sediment responses. Individuals of Scalibregma inflatum and Sternaspis scutata can extend burrows by fracture, but both also extended burrows by plastic deformation and by combinations of fracture and plastic deformation. Mechanical responses of sediments corresponded to different burrowing behaviors in Scalibregma; direct peristalsis was used to extend burrows by fracture or a combination of plastic deformation and fracture, whereas a retrograde expansive peristaltic wave extended burrows by plastic deformation. Burrowing speeds differed between behaviors and sediment mechanical responses, with slower burrowing associated with plastic deformation. Sternaspis exhibited less variability in behavior and burrowing speed but did extend burrows by different mechanisms consistent with observations of Scalibregma. Individuals of Ophelina acuminata did not extend burrows by fracture; rather individuals plastically deformed sediments similarly to individuals of the related Armandia brevis. Our results extend the range of natural sediments in which burrowing by fracture has been observed, but the dependence of burrow extension mechanism on species, burrowing behavior, and burrowing speed highlights the need for better understanding of mechanical responses of sediments to burrowers.  相似文献   
5.
Although many studies investigating the impacts of zoo exhibit designs on captive animals exist, none have been performed on how they influence the behavior and welfare of captive Bennett's wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus). Here, we assess the impact of exhibit design on the activity budget and spatial distribution of Bennett's wallabies. We compared animal behavior in two open exhibits (i.e. physical interaction between animals and visitors permitted) to two closed exhibits (i.e. physical interaction between animals and visitors prohibited). Behavioral data were collected using focal sampling, and spatial distribution was recorded on exhibit maps at regular time intervals. We found a significant increase in feeding and interactive behaviors in closed exhibits in comparison to open exhibits. However, other behaviors such as resting, locomotion, and vigilance did not vary with design. Functional use of space was similar between both designs; however, the effect of habituation may be relevant to consider in future studies. Although some support for visitor effects were present, our study provided no evidence for strong impacts of exhibit design on Bennett's wallaby welfare. Our study emphasizes the need for additional research into the impacts of how zoo environments affect Bennett's wallaby behavior and welfare.  相似文献   
6.
张琼  钱法文 《生态学报》2015,35(21):7236-7243
2012年10月至2013年5月,采用焦点取样法对在吉林莫莫格国家级自然保护区内秋季和春季迁徙停歇的以及在江西鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区内越冬的白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)幼鹤行为进行了研究。结果表明,幼鹤取食行为比例从秋季迁徙时的23.0%增加到越冬晚期时的82.7%,但春季迁徙期减少为61.9%;幼鹤乞食行为比例从秋季迁徙时的58.2%减少至春季迁徙时的1.2%;幼鹤警戒行为比例从秋季迁徙时的1.0%增加至春季迁徙时的7.1%。幼鹤在春季迁徙期的理羽及静栖行为显著高于越冬期,这种行为的差异可能与食物的丰富度相关。环境因子中,风速对幼鹤静栖行为有显著影响,幼鹤取食及警戒行为与气温呈显著正相关。秋季迁徙及越冬晚期,幼鹤行为日节律在13:00—14:00时出现明显的取食低谷期,而春季迁徙期时则推后1小时。整个观察期间,幼鹤从雄鹤和雌鹤获得食物频次无显著差异,但不同时间段幼鹤从雄、雌成鹤处获得食物频次差异是显著的。研究从行为学的角度展示白鹤幼鹤的生长过程及不同性别成鹤对幼鹤生长的贡献。  相似文献   
7.
8.
Hypoderma (=Oedemagena) tarandi L. (Diptera: Oestridae) is characterized by a mating strategy in which both sexes meet and mate at two types of distinct topographical landmarks. In the expansive, treeless vidda (= tundra-like) biome, mating places are unique, rocky areas located along rivers and streams or in rocky areas of drying river and stream beds. In wooded valleys below the vidda, flies mated at certain topographical areas along dirt road tracks/paths. Thermoregulatory activities of males occupying perches at mating places included selection of substratum at perch site, orientation of body to sun's rays, crouching, stilting, and flights into upper cooler air. On warm sunny days males perched for just 1–2 min before flying up into cooler air to promote cooling. Laboratory and field studies revealed that flies could not metabolically cool down when held at 25–38°C. Time spent at mating places depended on temperature, duration of sunshine, and wind velocity. Males were very aggressive in pursuing allHypoderma-sized objects that passed by them or that landed near them, but they did not defend specific perch sites. Males either pursued and caught females in flight, or they hopped onto females that landed near them. During 5 years, 74 males and 14 females were seen at mating places. Dissection of six females caught at mating places revealed them to be recently eclosed flies full of fat body and with all eggs intact; two not paired with males were non-inseminated. Three experimentally paired females remainedin copulo for 10, 13, and 19.5 min.  相似文献   
9.
棉铃虫的取食营养特点与棉花抗虫素分布的关系   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
通过研究棉花8个部位对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armzgera的营养效果和其所含次生物质类萜烯和单宁的浓度及在组织中的分布,揭示了棉铃虫取食营养特点与棉花次生化学的关系。棉铃虫取食顶尖、转移蛀食蕾铃的习性,与有关器官或组织对幼虫的营养效果密切相关,而营养效果主要取决于类萜烯和单宁的含量。棉花顶尖嫩叶中单宁浓度随着棉花的生长发育呈升高的趋势;类萜烯浓度在第四真叶期、第六真叶期和现蕾初期之间出现一个明显的底谷,而此期幼虫主要为害顶尖。蕾铃外层的苞叶、花萼、花瓣和铃皮,因次生物质含量高,不利于幼虫生长,相反内部的花粉、子房和铃心,次生物质含量低,营养效果好,顶尖嫩叶则介于其间。类萜烯存在于组织的色素腺内,分布集中;单宁则散布于组织中,偏多分布于组织外层。结果证实,昆虫在寄主植物上的取食方式是昆虫对寄主体内变动的次生化学的一种适应,它使昆虫付出尽少代价获得最适营养效果。  相似文献   
10.
The cornea is a highly specialized transparent tissue which covers the front of the eye. It is a tough tissue responsible for refracting the light and protecting the sensitive internal contents of the eye. The biomechanical properties of the cornea are primarily derived from its extracellular matrix, the stroma. The majority of previous studies have used strip tensile and pressure inflation testing methods to determine material parameters of the corneal stroma. Since these techniques do not allow measurements of the shear properties, there is little information available on transverse shear modulus of the cornea. The primary objectives of the present study were to determine the viscoelastic behavior of the corneal stroma in shear and to investigate the effects of the compressive strain. A thorough knowledge of the shear properties is required for developing better material models for corneal biomechanics. In the present study, torsional shear experiments were conducted at different levels of compressive strain (0–30%) on porcine corneal buttons. First, the range of linear viscoelasticity was determined from strain sweep experiments. Then, frequency sweep experiments with a shear strain amplitude of 0.2% (which was within the region of linear viscoelasticity) were performed. The corneal stroma exhibited viscoelastic properties in shear. The shear storage modulus, G′, and shear loss modulus, G″, were reported as a function of tissue compression. It was found that although both of these parameters were dependent on frequency, shear strain amplitude, and compressive strain, the average shear storage and loss moduli varied from 2 to 8 kPa, and 0.3 to 1.2 kPa, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the transverse shear modulus is of the same order of magnitude as the out-of-plane Young's modulus and is about three orders of magnitude lower than the in-plane Young's modulus.  相似文献   
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