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1.
Christina M. Lucato Michelle L. Halls Lisa M. Ooms Heng-Jia Liu Christina A. Mitchell James C. Whisstock Andrew M. Ellisdon 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2015,290(34):20827-20840
The P-Rex (phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3)-dependent Rac exchanger) family (P-Rex1 and P-Rex2) of the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Rho GEFs) activate Rac GTPases to regulate cell migration, invasion, and metastasis in several human cancers. The family is unique among Rho GEFs, as their activity is regulated by the synergistic binding of PIP3 and Gβγ at the plasma membrane. However, the molecular mechanism of this family of multi-domain proteins remains unclear. We report the 1.95 Å crystal structure of the catalytic P-Rex1 DH-PH tandem domain in complex with its cognate GTPase, Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate-1). Mutations in the P-Rex1·Rac1 interface revealed a critical role for this complex in signaling downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases and G protein-coupled receptors. The structural data indicated that the PIP3/Gβγ binding sites are on the opposite surface and markedly removed from the Rac1 interface, supporting a model whereby P-Rex1 binding to PIP3 and/or Gβγ releases inhibitory C-terminal domains to expose the Rac1 binding site. 相似文献
2.
湿地由于具有较高的初级生产力以及较低的有机质降解速率而成为缓解全球变暖的潜在有效碳汇.虽然近年来中国湿地生态系统CO2交换过程及其影响机制研究取得了一系列进展,但尚缺乏对数据进行系统性整合分析.基于29篇文献的数据,对中国21个典型湿地植被净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(Reco)、总初级生产力(GPP)、NEE的光响应参数以及Reco的温度响应参数进行整合分析,并探讨了这些指标对温度与降雨的响应.结果表明: 年尺度上,气温和降雨量对NEE(R2=50%,R2=57% )、GPP(R2=60%,R2=50%)和Reco(R2=44%,R2=50%)均有显著影响(P<0.05).生长季尺度上,NEE (R2=50%)、GPP (R2=36%)和Reco(R2=19%)与气温呈显著相关(P<0.05);同时NEE(R2=33%)和GPP(R2=25%)也与降雨量呈显著相关(P<0.05),但Reco与降雨量的相关关系不显著(P>0.05).生长季降雨量与最大光合速率(Amax)之间呈显著相关 (P<0.01),但与表观量子产率(α)、白天生态系统呼吸速率(Reco,day)无显著相关(P>0.05).生长季气温对α、Amax和Reco, day均无显著影响(P>0.05).生态系统基础呼吸速率(Rref)与降雨量无显著相关(P>0.05),但是生态系统呼吸的温度敏感系数(Q10)与降雨量呈显著的线性负相关(P<0.05),同时气温对Q10(R2=0.35)、Rref(R2=0.46)均产生显著影响(P<0.05). 相似文献
3.
瑞香狼毒是分布在青海省高寒草甸的主要毒害草之一,近年来其迅速蔓延对当地畜牧业危害严重并使草地生态系统日趋退化.在海北州祁连县选取狼毒分布的典型退化草甸,采用2012—2014年狼毒盛花期获取的实测光谱数据,分析狼毒与牧草的光谱差异性.结果表明: 在350~900 nm的可见光 近红外波段,狼毒顶花的光谱反射特征明显异于狼毒叶片和同期牧草等绿色背景,顶花与绿色背景的光谱反射率差异主要体现在红谷和蓝谷.随着盖度的增加,狼毒群落光谱反射率整体升高,在近红外反射峰处狼毒群落与牧草群落光谱反射率具有最大差值,且不同盖度狼毒群落之间的差异性最明显.顶花与绿色背景以及狼毒群落与牧草群落的一阶导数光谱差异均体现在黄边幅值和蓝边幅值.狼毒群落盖度与光谱特征参量的线性回归分析表明,红谷与狼毒群落盖度的相关性最好(R2=0.94),反演狼毒群落盖度的精度最高.盛花期区分狼毒与牧草的主要光谱特征参量为红谷、蓝谷与近红外反射峰,其对应的红、蓝及近红外波段的组合可用于构建狼毒提取的敏感指数. 相似文献
4.
α-Tocopheryl succinate is one of the most effective analogues of vitamin E for inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing cell death in a variety of cancerous cell lines while sparing normal cells or tissues. αTocopheryl succinate inhibits oxidative phosphorylation at the level of mitochondrial complexes I and II, thus enhancing reactive oxygen species generation which, in turn, induces the expression of Nrf2-driven antioxidant/detoxifying genes. The cytoprotective role of Nrf2 downstream genes/proteins prompted us to investigate whether and how α-tocopheryl succinate increases resistance of PC3 prostate cancer cells to pro-oxidant damage. A 4 h α-tocopheryl succinate pre-treatment increases glutathione intracellular content, indicating that the vitamin E derivative is capable of training the cells to react to an oxidative insult. We found that α-tocopheryl succinate pre-treatment does not enhance paraquat-/hydroquinone-induced cytotoxicity whereas it exhibits an additional/synergistic effect on H2O2-/docetaxel-induced cytotoxicity. 相似文献
5.
CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and soil algal crusts of the Trachypogon savannas of the Orinoco Llanos has been analyzed
using an open gas exchange system. These savannas encompass a wide range of physiognomic types, from herbaceous communities
to savanna woodlands. A maximum CO2 flux of 0.207 mg m-2 s-1 was measured in the crusts of the Guanipa savannas, while in the other examined crusts (0.035–0.105 mg m-2 s-1) the flux was similar to values reported for terrestrial algae. The CO2 flux data were statistically fitted to the photosynthetically active radiation by a logarithmic relationship, and the photosynthetic
efficiencies of the crusts were compared. The activation energy calculated for the CO2 fixation indicates that limitations by diffusion and photochemical processes were excluded in the Guanipa crusts (above 12
kcal mole-1), whereas they were evident in the other crust studied. An optimum CO2 incorporation as a function of the crust water potential was established and carbon gain strategies were proposed on the
basis of the results and characteristics of the habitats. 相似文献
6.
Herbivore-induced changes in plant carbon allocation: assessment of below-ground C fluxes using carbon-14 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Effects of above-ground herbivory on short-term plant carbon allocation were studied using maize (Zea mays) and a generalist lubber grasshopper (Romalea guttata). We hypothesized that above-ground herbivory stimulates current net carbon assimilate allocation to below-ground components, such as roots, root exudation and root and soil respiration. Maize plants 24 days old were grazed (c. 25–50% leaf area removed) by caging grasshoppers around individual plants and 18 h later pulse-labelled with14CO2. During the next 8 h,14C assimilates were traced to shoots, roots, root plus soil respiration, root exudates, rhizosphere soil, and bulk soil using carbon-14 techniques. Significant positive relationships were observed between herbivory and carbon allocated to roots, root exudates, and root and soil respiration, and a significant negative relationship between herbivory and carbon allocated to shoots. No relationship was observed between herbivory and14C recovered from soil. While herbivory increased root and soil respiration, the peak time for14CO2 evolved as respiration was not altered, thereby suggesting that herbivory only increases the magnitude of respiration, not patterns of translocation through time. Although there was a trend for lower photosynthetic rates of grazed plants than photosynthetic rates of ungrazed plants, no significant differences were observed among grazed and ungrazed plants. We conclude that above-ground herbivory can increase plant carbon fluxes below ground (roots, root exudates, and rhizosphere respiration), thus increasing resources (e.g., root exudates) available to soil organisms, especially microbial populations. 相似文献
7.
Andr Barraud 《Biosensors & bioelectronics》1994,9(9-10):617-624
The Langmuir-Blodgett technique and its variants (alternate layers, self-organising mixtures, the semi-amphiphilic technique, the peculiar solid state chemistry in L.B. films) are collective methods which allow physical chemists, with a very small amount of synthetic chemistry, to build up molecular assemblies exhibiting not only the properties of each of their components, but also extra properties which arise from the architecture: cooperativity, anomalous chemical properties, molecular recognition, etc. These new tailored molecular edifices are the basic “brick” of tomorrow's molecular electronics and fine chemistry. These strategies are exemplified here by two active supramolecular edifices which have been successfully designed and built up: an artificial dioxygen trap based on the same principle as hemoglobin, and one molecule thick conductors. Promising applied results have already been obtained in the field of gas sensing with these new conductors, owing to molecular architectural amplification. 相似文献
8.
We describe the optimized effective potential method of density functional theory and the semi-analytical approximation due to Krieger, Li and Iafrate. Results for atomic and molecular systems including correlation contributions are presented and compared with conventional Kohn–Sham methods. The combination of the exact exchange energy functional with the correlation energy functional of Colle and Salvetti works extremely well for atomic systems, while further improvement is required for molecular systems. 相似文献
9.
10.
Miriam Masià-Balagué Ismael Izquierdo Georgina Garrido Arnau Cordomí Laura Pérez-Benito Nichol L. G. Miller David D. Schlaepfer Véronique Gigoux Anna M. Aragay 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2015,290(24):15197-15209
The guanine nucleotide exchange factor Rgnef (also known as ArhGEF28 or p190RhoGEF) promotes colon carcinoma cell motility and tumor progression via interaction with focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Mechanisms of Rgnef activation downstream of integrin or G protein-coupled receptors remain undefined. In the absence of a recognized G protein signaling homology domain in Rgnef, no proximal linkage to G proteins was known. Utilizing multiple methods, we have identified Rgnef as a new effector for Gα13 downstream of gastrin and the type 2 cholecystokinin receptor. In DLD-1 colon carcinoma cells depleted of Gα13, gastrin-induced FAK Tyr(P)-397 and paxillin Tyr(P)-31 phosphorylation were reduced. RhoA GTP binding and promoter activity were increased by Rgnef in combination with active Gα13. Rgnef co-immunoprecipitated with activated Gα13Q226L but not Gα12Q229L. The Rgnef C-terminal (CT, 1279–1582) region was sufficient for co-immunoprecipitation, and Rgnef-CT exogenous expression prevented Gα13-stimulated SRE activity. A domain at the C terminus of the protein close to the FAK binding domain is necessary to bind to Gα13. Point mutations of Rgnef-CT residues disrupt association with active Gα13 but not Gαq. These results show that Rgnef functions as an effector of Gα13 signaling and that this linkage may mediate FAK activation in DLD-1 colon carcinoma cells. 相似文献