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1.
肝癌是全世界最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,而经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)是治疗不能手术的中晚期肝癌的标准手段。从给 药方式上而言,相对于静脉系统化疗及单纯的肝动脉灌注,肝动脉化疗栓塞术,尤其是进行明胶海绵补充栓塞,可明显改善物代 谢动力学参数,既减少外周药物浓度和非靶器官毒性,又能增加局部药物浓度从而增强药物的治疗效果。从剂型上而言,阿霉素 碘化油乳剂能明显降低血药峰值浓度,并能选择性分布于肝脏肿瘤内,达到靶向治疗肝癌的目的。加用明胶海绵补充栓塞,上述 作用会更加明显。肝动脉化疗药微囊栓塞也能取得较明显的物代谢动力学优势,缓释、增加局部浓度、延长作用时间和减轻药物 不良反应。无论外周血药峰值浓度(Cmax)还是曲线下面积(AUC),载药洗脱微球(DEB)栓塞均显著低于阿霉素碘化油乳剂栓塞, 从而取得比传统的化疗栓塞更好的肝癌治疗效果。对不同给药方式及载药剂型的物代谢动力学研究,将对不断提高TACE的疗 效和安全性有重要意义。  相似文献   
2.
Albumin is an abundant blood protein that acts as a transporter of a plethora of small molecules like fatty acids, hormones, toxins, and drugs. In addition, it has an unusual long serum half-life in humans of nearly 3 weeks, which is attributed to its interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). FcRn protects albumin from intracellular degradation via a pH-dependent cellular recycling mechanism. To understand how FcRn impacts the role of albumin as a distributor, it is of importance to unravel the structural mechanism that determines pH-dependent binding. Here, we show that although the C-terminal domain III (DIII) of human serum albumin (HSA) contains the principal binding site, the N-terminal domain I (DI) is important for optimal FcRn binding. Specifically, structural inspection of human FcRn (hFcRn) in complex with HSA revealed that two exposed loops of DI were in proximity with the receptor. To investigate to what extent these contacts affected hFcRn binding, we targeted selected amino acid residues of the loops by mutagenesis. Screening by in vitro interaction assays revealed that several of the engineered HSA variants showed decreased binding to hFcRn, which was also the case for two missense variants with mutations within these loops. In addition, four of the variants showed improved binding. Our findings demonstrate that both DI and DIII are required for optimal binding to FcRn, which has implications for our understanding of the FcRn-albumin relationship and how albumin acts as a distributor. Such knowledge may inspire development of novel HSA-based diagnostics and therapeutics.  相似文献   
3.
The successful launches of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitors as oral anti-diabetics warrant and spur the further quest for additional chemical entities in this promising class of therapeutics. Numerous pharmaceutical companies have pursued their proprietary candidates towards the clinic, resulting in a large body of published chemical structures associated with DPP IV. Herein, we report the discovery of a novel chemotype for DPP IV inhibition based on the C-(1-aryl-cyclohexyl)-methylamine scaffold and its optimization to compounds which selectively inhibit DPP IV at low-nM potency and exhibit an excellent oral pharmacokinetic profile in the rat.  相似文献   
4.
BMS-707035 is an HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) discovered by systematic optimization of N-methylpyrimidinone carboxamides guided by structure-activity relationships (SARs) and the single crystal X-ray structure of compound 10. It was rationalized that the unexpectedly advantageous profiles of N-methylpyrimidinone carboxamides with a saturated C2-substitutent may be due, in part, to the geometric relationship between the C2-substituent and the pyrimidinone core. The single crystal X-ray structure of 10 provided support for this reasoning and guided the design of a spirocyclic series 12 which led to discovery of the morpholino-fused pyrimidinone series 13. Several carboxamides derived from this bicyclic scaffold displayed improved antiviral activity and pharmacokinetic profiles when compared with corresponding spirocyclic analogs. Based on the excellent antiviral activity, preclinical profiles and acceptable in vitro and in vivo toxicity profiles, 13a (BMS-707035) was selected for advancement into phase I clinical trials.  相似文献   
5.
硫柳汞SD 大鼠单次静脉注射药代动力学研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
目的:研究硫柳汞在SD大鼠静脉注射后的药代动力学特征。方法:SD大鼠单剂量(高、低2个剂量组)静脉注射硫柳汞,以冷原子吸收测汞法测定不同时间点的血药浓度,用DAS2.0软件获取各剂量组的主要药代动力学参数。结果:硫柳汞在高(30mg/kg)和低剂量(15 mg/kg)的消除半衰期t1/2z分别为171.61±0.33h,,156.54±18.61h;AUC0-144h分别为16748.65±7296.61mg/L*h,9131.94±1406.68 mg/L*h。结论:硫柳汞在大鼠体内的代谢过程呈线性动力学特征,半衰期约在130~170h左右。  相似文献   
6.
In the present article, we report on the kinetics of brain penetration in rats of the H3R antagonist 1,1′‐[1,1′‐biphenyl‐4,4′‐diylbis(methylene)]bis‐[piperidine] ( 1 ), which had shown a favorable in vitro pharmacological profile and in vivo potency in preventing scopolamine‐induced amnesia. Two different approaches were employed: high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray‐mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI‐MS) and ex vivo binding against the labeled agonist [3H]‐(R)‐α‐methylhistamine ([3H]RAMHA). Starting from the structure of 1 , the rigid piperidine ring was replaced by a flexible dipropylamino group (see 2 ) or by a morpholino ring (see 3 ), endowed with lower basicity. The effect of replacement on rat plasma and brain disposition in the 24 h after administration was analyzed. High (μM ) and persistent concentrations of 1 were found in rat plasma, while plasma levels were significantly lower (range: 0–200 nM ) for the other two derivatives. This could be explained, among other factors, by the higher stability, observed for 1 , to liver metabolic cleavage. The applied chemical modulation had an important effect on in vivo brain disposition, as, despite the comparable physico‐chemical properties, 2 did not show the tendency to accumulate within the brain, as stated by its brain vs. plasma concentration ratios, if compared to 1 . These structure? property relationships should be taken into account in the pharmacokinetic optimization of new series of H3 receptor antagonists.  相似文献   
7.
Attempts to optimize pharmacokinetic properties in a promising series of pyrrolopyrimidinone MARK inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease are described. A focus on physical properties and ligand efficiency while prosecuting this series afforded key tool compounds that revealed a large discrepancy in the rat in vitro–in vivo DMPK (Drug Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics) correlation. These differences prompted an in vivo rat disposition study employing a radiolabeled representative of the series, and the results from this experiment justified the termination of any further optimization efforts.  相似文献   
8.
Tuberculosis (TB) is the second leading lethal infectious disease in the world after acquired immuno deficiency (AIDs). We have developed a series of twenty-five novel nicotine analogues with de-addiction property and tested them for their activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). In an effort to increase the specificity of action and directing nicotine analogues to target MTB, four promising compounds were further optimized via molecular docking studies against the Dihydrofolate reductase of MTB. After lead optimization, one nicotine analogue [3-(5-(3fluorophenyl)nicotinoyl)-1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one] exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration of 1 μg/mL (2.86 nM) against M. tuberculosis (H37Rv strain), a human pathogenic strain of clinically significant importance. Pharmacokinetic analysis of [3-(5-(3fluorophenyl)nicotinoyl)-1methylpyrrolidin-2-one] with lowest MIC value via oral route in Wistar rats revealed that at a dosage of 5 mg/kg body weight gave a maximum serum drug concentration (Cmax) of 2.86 μg/mL, Tmax of one hour and a half-life (T1/2) of more than 24 h and Volume of distribution (Vd) of 27.36 L. Whereas the parenteral (intra venous) route showed a Cmax of 3.37 μg/mL, Tmax of 0.05 h, T1/2 of 24 h and Vd equivalent to 23.18 L. The acute oral toxicity and repeated oral toxicity studies in female Wistar rats had an LD50 > 2000 mg/kg body weight. Our data suggests that nicotine derivatives developed in the present study has good metabolic stability with tunable pharmacokinetics (PK) with therapeutic potential to combat MTB. However, further in vivo studies for anti-tuberculosis activity and elucidation of mode of action could result in more promising novel drug for treating MTB. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report revealing the anti-mycobacterial potential of nicotine analogue at potential therapeutic concentrations.  相似文献   
9.
A series of thirty N-(phenoxy)alkyl or N-{2-[2-(phenoxy)ethoxy]ethyl}aminoalkanols has been designed, synthesized and evaluated for anticonvulsant activity in MES, 6 Hz test, and pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Among the title compounds, the most promising seems R-(−)-2N-{2-[2-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)ethoxy]ethyl}aminopropan-1-ol hydrochloride (22a) with proved absolute configuration with X-ray analysis and enantiomeric purity. The compound is effective in MES test with ED50 = 12.92 mg/kg b.w. and its rotarod TD50 = 33.26 mg/kg b.w. The activity dose is also effective in a neurogenic pain model—the formalin test. Within high throughput profile assay, among eighty one targets, the strongest affinity of the compound is observed towards σ receptors and 5-HT transporter and the compound does not bind to hERG. It also does not exhibit mutagenic properties in the Vibrio harveyi test. Moreover, murine liver microsomal assay and pharmacokinetics profile (mice, iv, p.o., ip) indicate that the liver is the primary site of biotransformation of the compound, suggesting that both 22a and its metabolite(s) are active, compensating probably low bioavailability of the parent molecule.  相似文献   
10.
Different analytical techniques involving capillary electrophoresis for the determination of drugs and metabolites in biological fluids are described. Pharmacokinetic studies carried out using capillary electrophoresis are presented, as well as the in vitro metabolism investigations. The advantages and the limitations of capillary electrophoresis for pharmacokinetic studies are discussed.  相似文献   
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