Alleviation of Liver Dysfunction,Oxidative Stress,and Inflammation Underlines the Protective Effects of Polysaccharides from Cordyceps cicadae on High Sugar/High Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats

This study investigated the protective effects of two polysaccharides (CPA-1 and CPB-2) from Cordyceps cicadae against high fructose/high fat diet (HF/HFD) induced obesity and metabolic disorders in rats. Rats were either fed with normal diet or HF/HFD and treated with CPA-1 and CPB-2 (100 and 300 mg/kg) for 11 weeks. Administration of CPA-1 and CPB-2 significantly and dose dependently reduced body and liver weight, insulin and glucose tolerance, serum insulin and glucose levels. Furthermore, serum and hepatic lipid profiles, liver function enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) were markedly reduced. Additionally, CPA-1 and CPB-2 treatment alleviated hepatic oxidative stress by reducing lipid peroxidation level (MDA) and upregulating glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities as well as ameliorated histological alterations through the reduction of hepatic lipid accumulation. These results suggested that the polysaccharides from C. cicadae showed protective effects against HF/HFD induced metabolic disturbances and may be considered as a dietary supplement for treating obesity.     

虫生真菌蝉拟青霉的研究

观察了蝉拟青霉的无性世代,在24℃下载片培养结果,分生孢子经8hr萌发,24hr普遍形成菌丝,36hr出现产孢结构和产生次代分生孢子。该菌生长合适温度24—26℃,分生孢子萌芽要求相对湿度在90%以上。pH4—12范围均见生长,但以5—6为佳。对10种碳源和9种无机氮源利用检测结果,用葡萄糖作碳源孢子产量高,用果糖作碳源菌丝体产量高。不利用菊糖、L-山梨糖、L-鼠李糖。对KNO_3利用佳,但不能利用NaNO_2,和硫脲。该菌能较强抗紫外辐射。     

蝉花中营养成分的研究

本文对蝉花中的氨基酸、无机元素、甘露醇以及糖类等营养成分进行了分析测定,并跟与之有亲缘关系的名贵中药冬虫夏草进行比较,为蝉花的进一步开发利用提供科学依据。     

与蝉花有关的虫草菌生物多样性的研究I：文献考证

蝉花是我国重要药用真菌,但长期以来其名称特别是学名的使用一直混乱。本文从古代医药典籍记载确认,“蝉花”是历史最久、使用最广的中名,对于其他中名具有优先权。其学名Isaria cicadae系Miquel（1838）根据巴西标本命名,但模式标本已失,原描述文字及插图均极其简单,与蝉花形态差异较大。其有性型迄今未发现,曾先后被认为是小蝉草Ophiocordyceps sobolifera和大蝉草Tolypocladium dujiaolongae (=Cordyceps cicadae Shing)。本文根据文献考证澄清了国内外关于小蝉草和大蝉草的误用,分析了长期以来大量日本文献中的命名混乱对我国认知蝉花的影响,并质疑I. cicadae在中国及其他地区的分布,提出它是一复合种,因此蝉花的分类地位及学名需要进一步研究。     

蝉虫草样品的分级萃取与化学成分分析

利用索氏萃取技术,依次采用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、无水乙醇和甲醇等5种溶剂对蝉虫草纯粉进行分级萃取,运用傅里叶变换红外光谱分析法和气相色谱-质谱联用技术对5级萃取物进行分析鉴定。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析显示萃取物中含有与烯烃类、羧酸类、酯类、醇类和酮类等化合物相关的C-H、C=O、C-O和C=C等官能团。气相色谱-质谱联用技术共鉴定出有机小分子化合物34种,以酯类和脂肪酸类为主,多为碳链长度为15-20的长链脂肪酸及对应的酯,其中十八碳不饱和脂肪酸相对含量高达28.95%;分别存在于两种或以上萃取物中的有机化合物共有11种;仅存于石油醚萃取物中的化合物6种,乙酸乙酯萃取物中3种,丙酮萃取物中2种,无水乙醇萃取物中6种,甲醇萃取物中6种。在一定极性范围内,利用溶剂的极性梯度变化,可实现蝉虫草中活性物质的按极性梯度分离;采用分级萃取技术可有效分离蝉虫草中部分化学成分。鉴定结果充实了蝉虫草中化合物的种类资源,为蝉虫草中活性物质谱图库的完善、构效关系的建立及蝉虫草产品的利用开发提供支撑。     

蝉棒束孢菌子实体对大鼠肾小管上皮细胞的影响

对蝉棒束孢菌子实体（0.75g/kg）重复灌胃SD雄性大鼠90d及恢复28d的早期肾损伤生物标记物肾损伤分子-1（KIM-1）和中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白（NGAL）进行测定,评估蝉棒束孢菌子实体对肾小管上皮细胞的影响;研究不同剂量蝉棒束孢菌子实体（0.25g/kg、0.5g/kg、1.0g/kg）对肾小管上皮细胞增殖和增生能力的影响。给药30、60、90d及恢复28d时,SD大鼠血清中KIM-1浓度与对照组相比均无显著差异（P>0.05）,给药30d、60d时,SD大鼠血清中NGAL浓度与对照组相比均无显著差异（P>0.05）,给药90d及恢复28d时,SD大鼠血清中NGAL浓度低于对照组（P<0.05）,且给药90d组与对照组相比有显著性差异（P<0.01）;免疫组化检测增殖细胞核抗原法（PCNA）及四甲基偶氮唑盐微量酶反应比色法（MTT）表明：与对照组相比,蝉棒束孢菌子实体能使肾小管上皮细胞增生能力增强,未导致肾小管上皮细胞凋亡。     

l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) secreted by oyster (Crassostrea gigas) mantle cells: functional aspects

l-DOPA is present in many molluscan periostraca and is thought to play an important role in the shell protein sclerotization mechanism. We analyzed l-DOPA content in organic membranes produced by the oyster (Crassostrea gigas) mantle as a reaction against shell damage, such as induced by Polydora sp. infestation, an artificial perforation of the shell, and in normal oysters mantle. When oysters are secreting the protective organic membrane against a shell perforation, the area of mantle close to the repairing region had a greater l-DOPA content than the remaining mantle. Mantle border as a whole had the same l-DOPA content as the central mantle. Nevertheless there is a variation pattern in mantle border l-DOPA content, the area near the umbo having a higher content and decreasing towards the frontal region. l-DOPA content in younger oysters was greater than that in older oysters. The results of perforation experiment suggest a good correlation between organic membrane synthesis and l-DOPA mantle border content. Concerning normal oysters, a higher l-DOPA content in mantle border than in central mantle would be expected but we couldn’t detect any differences. From all the results there is some evidence that mantle l-DOPA is related to other functions in addition to participating in the sclerotization mechanism.     

蝉拟青霉孢子粉对小菜蛾的致病性试验

试验采用蝉拟青霉(Paecilomyces cicadae)孢子粉处理小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L.幼虫,结果表明,蝉拟青霉可以在小菜蛾幼虫和蛹上寄生,并导致小菜蛾死亡。室内试验,蝉拟青霉对小菜蛾的致死率高达96.55%;田间试验,1.6×107个/mL浓度的022017#蝉拟青霉防治小菜蛾的校正死亡率可达75.86%。该结果可用于蝉拟青霉新型真菌杀虫剂的研制。     

A novel putative tyrosinase involved in periostracum formation from the pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata)

Tyrosinase (monophenol, L-DOPA: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1), a kind of copper-containing phenoloxidase, arouses great interests of scientists for its important role in periostracum formation. A cDNA clone encoding a putative tyrosinase, termed OT47 because of its estimated molecular mass of 47kDa, was isolated from the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata. This novel tyrosinase shares similarity with the cephalopod tyrosinases and other type 3 copper proteins within two conserved copper-binding sites. RT-PCR analysis showed that OT47 mRNA was expressed only in the mantle edge. Further in situ hybridization analysis and tyrosinase activity staining revealed that OT47 was expressed at the outer epithelial cells of the middle fold, different from early histological results in Mercenaria mercenaria, suggesting a different model of periostracum secretion in P. fucata. Taken together, these results suggest that OT47 is most likely involved in periostracum formation. The identification and characterization of oyster tyrosinase also help to further understand the structural and functional properties of molluscan tyrosinase.     

引致蝉若虫地方病的蝉棒束孢种群遗传结构

采用ISSR分子标记技术对在3个不同地区引起蝉若虫地方病的蝉棒束孢种群遗传结构进行研究.结果表明: 3个地方病种群均表现出较高的遗传多样性,其中敬亭山种群的遗传多样性最高,石台种群最小.UPGMA聚类分析表明,不同地方病种群无优势性,均为多系的异质种群,遗传谱系与地理来源无关.敬亭山不同采集时间的菌株表现出明显的时间异质性.种群(亚种群)间的遗传分化系数G_st为0.2153,而基因流N_m为0.9110(N_m＜1), 暗示低水平的基因交流是种群内遗传变异的主要原因之一.因此,蝉棒束孢种群水平的高异质性和低优势性是维持蝉若虫地方病的遗传结构特征.