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1.
树麻雀代谢率和器官重量在光周期驯化中的变化   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2  
为探讨光周期对树麻雀代谢产热和代谢器官变化的影响,对成年树麻雀 Passer montanus 进行温度为25℃、两种光周期16 L:8 D(LD组)和8 L:16 D(SD组)4周的气候箱驯化后,测定其体重、基础代谢率(BMR)、体脂和水分含量,以及各器官、组织的鲜重和干重.结果 显示,SD组麻雀BMR显著大于LD组,作为代谢活性器官的消化道显著增生是其BMR显著增加的主要原因之一;麻雀通过增加体重和能量储备物脂肪来实现对较长黑暗环境的适应是其成功的生存策略.SD组麻雀体重的显著增加和水分含量显著降低,说明短光照的刺激引起麻雀能量储备的增加和代谢活性器官消化道增生.光周期驯化的结果验证了"中心限制假说",即麻雀体内存在着与BMR相关的"代谢机器",中心器官(消化道)是改变麻雀BMR的基础之一.  相似文献   
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Non-aggressive social interactions between group-mates, e.g. maintenance of spatial proximity or activity synchrony are basic elements of a species’ social structure, and were found to be associated with important fitness consequences in group-living animals. In the establishment of such affiliative relationships, kinship has often been identified as one of the key predictors, but this has rarely been studied in simple social groups such as flocks of gregarious birds. In this study we investigated whether kinship affects social preference, as measured by the tendency to associate with others during various social activities, in captive house sparrow (Passer domesticus) flocks where birds could interact with differently related flock-mates. We found that preference between flock-mates was correlated with familiarity from early nestling period: same-brood siblings followed their sib initiating new activities more often than non-sib birds. The strength of association between birds also tended to correlate with genetic relatedness, but this was mainly due to the effect of siblings’ affiliation. Thus we concluded that house sparrows prefer the company of their siblings during social activities even well after fledging, which may facilitate kin-biased behaviours.  相似文献   
3.
成都市区麻雀夜宿规律初步观察   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
王恩平  陈爽 《四川动物》2004,23(4):352-354
2002年10月~2003年10月,对成都市区内一观察点麻雀的夜宿规律进行了观察。发现麻雀夜宿归巢时间、高峰时间、结束时间和清晨飞离时间有较强的规律,认为这是麻雀的生物节律决定的。  相似文献   
4.
The timing of breeding may not only affect breeding patterns such as the overlap of chick rearing period with the peak in food availability but also the opportunity for extra-pair mating. A negative relationship has been predicted between extra-pair paternity and breeding synchrony, assuming that male extra-pair activity is traded against mate guarding and parenting duties. In contrast, if female ability to assess male quality is temporally constrained, sperm competition might be a positive function of breeding synchrony. Here we manipulated the progress of nesting by nest material exchange within nesting aggregations to see whether the timing of breeding affects extra-pair paternity in house sparrows. We found that late broods within nesting clusters contained extra-pair young more often than early broods, but breeding synchrony did not turn out to be a significant predictor of extra-pair paternity. Our study indicates that temporal constraints of male extra-pair activity may account for extra-pair paternity levels, but it is also possible that late-breeding females may accept extra-pair copulations to ensure egg fertilization.  相似文献   
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Speciation by hybridization is emerging as a significant contributor to biological diversification. Yet, little is known about the relative contributions of (i) evolutionary novelty and (ii) sorting of pre‐existing parental incompatibilities to the build‐up of reproductive isolation under this mode of speciation. Few studies have addressed empirically whether hybrid animal taxa are intrinsically isolated from their parents, and no study has so far investigated by which of the two aforementioned routes intrinsic barriers evolve. Here, we show that sorting of pre‐existing parental incompatibilities contributes to intrinsic isolation of a hybrid animal taxon. Using a genomic cline framework, we demonstrate that the sex‐linked and mitonuclear incompatibilities isolating the homoploid hybrid Italian sparrow at its two geographically separated hybrid–parent boundaries represent a subset of those contributing to reproductive isolation between its parent species, house and Spanish sparrows. Should such a sorting mechanism prove to be pervasive, the circumstances promoting homoploid hybrid speciation may be broader than currently thought, and indeed, there may be many cryptic hybrid taxa separated from their parent species by sorted, inherited incompatibilities.  相似文献   
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为探讨短期持续限食对树麻雀(Passer monanus)体重和基础代谢率的影响,及其生理适应的调节机制。以正常饲喂树麻雀为对照组(0D组,D为饥饿天数),以进食量相同和持续限食时间不同的4组(1D、3D、5D和7D)树麻雀为研究对象进行限食驯养。结果显示,体重与个体BMR间存在极显著的线性关系(r=0.512,P=0.001);5组树麻雀单位体重的基础代谢率(BMR)差异不显著,5D和7D组树麻雀的个体BMR组间差异显著(P0.05);树麻雀的体重驯养前后变化为对照组增加而4个实验组降低,驯养后,1D和7D组与对照组相比体重降低分别为显著(P0.05)和极显著(P0.01),3D和5D组相对于1D、7D组出现小幅度的上调,1~7d持续限食树麻雀的体重出现降升降的趋势。结论是:当摄食量不足时,消耗体内的能量储备和降低个体的基础能耗对缓解短期持续限食的生存压力有利,但个体适合度随之降低。体内能量储备和个体基础能耗的相应增加是树麻雀应对饥饿环境的关键,也是其重要的生存策略之一。  相似文献   
10.
In birds, differences in the extent and position of the binocular visual field reflect adaptations to varying foraging strategies, and the extent of the lateral portion of the field may reflect anti‐predator strategies. The goal of this study was to describe and compare the visual fields of two ground‐foraging passerines, House Finch Carpodacus mexicanus and House Sparrow Passer domesticus. We found that both species have a binocular field type that is associated with the accurate control of bill position when pecking. Both species have eye movements of relatively large amplitude, which can produce substantial variations in the configuration of the binocular fields. We propose that in these ground foragers, their relatively wide binocular fields could function to increase foraging efficiency by locating multiple rather than single food items prior to pecking events. The lateral fields of both species are wide enough to facilitate the detection of predators or conspecifics while head‐down foraging. This suggests that foraging and scanning are not mutually exclusive activities in these species, as previously assumed. Furthermore, we found some slight, but significant, differences between species: House Sparrow binocular fields are both wider and vertically taller, and the blind area is wider than in House Finches. These differences may be related to variations in the degree of eye movements and position of the orbits in the skull.  相似文献   
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