Comparative larval ontogeny of two fish species (Characiformes and Siluriformes) endemic to the São Francisco River in Brazil

The aim of the present study was to perform comparative histological analyses of the ontogenetic development of two fish species endemic to the São Francisco River in Brazil: Prochilodus argenteus and Lophiosilurus alexandri. Histological analyses were performed every 24 h from the moment of hatching until 14 days post-hatching (dph) for the observation of larval development and until 39 dph for the observation of gonadal development. Whole larvae were fixed in Bouin's solution and the histological slides were stained with haematoxylin–eosin. Lophiosilurus alexandri larvae had a larger body size compared with P. argenteus larvae since hatching. Lophiosilurus alexandri larvae had mouth opening and pigmentation of the eyes upon hatching, whereas these events were observed at 1 dph in P. argenteus larvae. The visualisation and the inflation of the swim bladder occurred at 1 and 3 dph, respectively, in the P. argenteus, whereas these events occurred at 2 and 8 dph, respectively, in L. alexandri. Yolk granules were absorbed at 4 dph in P. argenteus and the 10 dph in L. alexandri. At 7 dph, the digestive tube was more differentiated in L. alexandri than P. argenteus and at 14 dph, the digestive system of both species had features of their eating habits: broad stomach and short intestine in L. alexandri, typical of carnivorous habits; stomach with a mechanical function and long intestine in P. argenteus, typical of detritivorous habits. The epithelial lining tissue, formed by a single layer of cells in the newly hatched larvae (0 dph), differentiated throughout the study, exhibiting scales in P. argenteus and numerous club cells in the middle epithelial region of L. alexandri at 39 dph. Undifferentiated gonads with somatic cells and primordial germ cells were observed at 39 dph, with caudal-cranial migration since 1 dph in both species. The anatomic changes during the ontogeny of P. argenteus and L. alexandri larvae are directly associated with the evolutionary history of each species, which explains their feeding habits, behaviour and distribution in the environment: Prochilodus argenteus is detritivorous and actively swims in the water column, whereas L. alexandri is carnivorous and inhabits bottom regions. At 39 dph neither species exhibited sexual differentiation.     

Low mtDNA variation and shallow population structure of the Chinese pomfret Pampus chinensis along the China coast

In the present study, population genetic structure and genetic diversity of the Chinese pomfret Pampus chinensis, along the China coast were investigated and compared with that from Indonesia using mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene sequences. A total of 28 variable sites (including 18 singleton sites and 10 parsimony information sites) were observed and 23 haplotypes were defined in 330 individuals from 11 localities. The haplotype diversity (H_D) of the populations ranged from 0·540 to 0·828, the nucleotide diversity (π) ranged from 0·081 to 0·295%. Pairwise F_ST statistics showed that significant genetic divergence occurred among populations from different geographical regions. The high dispersal capabilities, geographic segregation and ocean currents may be responsible for the present population genetic structure in this species. In addition, a population expansion event during the late Pleistocene period was inferred. The time of population expansion was estimated to occur about 117 000–169 000 years ago.     

基于线粒体Cyt b 基因的黄海南部和东海银鲳群体遗传结构分析

采用线粒体DNA 细胞色素b 基因片段为遗传标记, 对黄海南部和东海银鲳(Pampus argenteus)群体的遗传结构进行了分析。在所分析的6 个采样点116 个个体中, 共检测到40 种单倍型。6 个群体均呈现出高单倍性多样性(0.647-0.895)和低核苷酸多样性(0.0008-0.0026)的特点。单倍型邻接关系树的拓扑结构简单,未呈现明显的地理谱系结构。分子方差分析和Fst 显示银鲳的遗传变异来自群体内个体间, 而群体间无显著遗传分化。Exact 检验表明单倍型在两两群体间分布频率的差异不显著。研究结果表明, 黄海南部、东海银鲳群体间具有高度的基因交流, 是一个随机交配群体。较强的扩散能力, 黄海、东海的海洋环流以及近期的群体扩张可能是造成黄海南部、东海银鲳群体间遗传同质性较高的原因。       

Genetic diversity of silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) populations from the China Sea based on mitochondrial DNA control region sequences

The genetic diversity of silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) from the Bohai, East China, and South China Seas was investigated using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequence data. We found high levels of variation with 17 haplotypes among the 45 individuals (h = 0.88, π = 0.006). AMOVA analysis detected significant structuring among China Sea silver pomfret (P < 0.05, F_ST = 0.050), which indicates significant genetic differentiation. No significant differentiation between Bohai Sea and East China Sea samples was detected (P > 0.05). Whether silver pomfret from the South China Sea exhibit a different demographic history than those from the Bohai and East China Seas remains to be determined.     

银鲳4野生群体肌肉营养成分的比较分析与评价

4个野生银鲳(Pampus argenteus)群体样本于2008年5月分别采集于河北黄骅、江苏连云港、浙江舟山、广东惠来4地沿海海域,分别对其肌肉的主要营养成分进行了分析和评价.结果表明,浙江舟山与河北黄骅银鲳群体肌肉的粗蛋白含量差异显著(P<0.05),其他各群体银鲳肌肉间粗蛋白含量差异不显著.肌肉粗脂肪含量在4群体银鲳间无显著性差异(P>0.05).氨基酸及必需氨基酸总量以江苏连云港群体肌肉中含量最高,分别占干重的65.14%和27.32%,浙江舟山群体(64.31%和26.42%)其次,河北黄骅群体(60.32%和25.47%)最低,4群体间差异显著(P<0.05).江苏连云港及浙江舟山群体银鲳肌肉的必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)、氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)均高于另外2群体.4群体银鲳肌肉间饱和脂肪酸及不饱和脂肪酸总量呈现显著性差异(P<0.05).江苏连云港及浙江舟山群体银鲳肌肉的多不饱和脂肪酸含量要高于另外2群体.综合比较,江苏连云港及浙江舟山群体银鲳肌肉的营养价值要优于河北黄骅和广东惠来群体.从银鲳4野生群体的聚类分析结果可以看出:就氨基酸含量来说,浙江舟山与江苏连云港群体差异最小,与广东惠来群体差异最大;就脂肪酸差异来讲,浙江舟山与河北黄骅群体相似性较高,与广东惠来之间的差异最大.     

Rhythmic changes in testicular activity with lunar cycle in the forktail rabbitfish

Testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone and 17α ,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one in the forktail rabbitfish Siganus argenteus peaked around the full moon and the last quarter moon, respectively. Since changes in these hormones were correlated with histological change in the testis, the present study provided conclusive evidence for importance of the lunar periodicity in the reproductive activity of the forktail rabbitfish.     

Composition and antagonistic activity of the indigenous intestinal microbiota of Prochilodus argenteus Agassiz

The composition and antibacterial properties of indigenous intestinal microbiota from Prochilodus argenteus were studied during reproductive (alimentary restriction) and non‐reproductive (normal feeding) periods. Dilutions of intestinal contents from 21 specimens of P. argenteus captured from São Francisco Basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, were used for enumeration, isolation, identification and determination of in vitro antibacterial properties of predominant components of the intestinal microbial ecosystem. Predominant species recovered for both periods were: Aeromonas hydrophila , Plesiomonas shigelloides, Lactococcus lactis and an unidentified Gram‐positive rod for facultative anaerobes and Bacteroides stercoris/eggerthii and Fusobacterium mortiferum for obligate anaerobes. Gram‐positive components of this microbiota showed high antagonistic activity against gram‐negative species. Coagulase‐negative Staphylococcus sp., Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecium and the unidentified gram‐positive rod had wider range of antagonism properties. The indigenous intestinal microbiota of P. argenteus was quite similar to that of other fishes and the reproductive and alimentary status has few influences on its composition.     

低盐度胁迫对银鲳幼鱼肝脏抗氧化酶、鳃和肾脏ATP酶活力的影响

通过逐级降低水体盐度的方法,将银鲳幼鱼分别在盐度25、20、15和10的条件下饲养120 h,检测不同盐度下、不同时间点银鲳幼鱼肝脏中抗氧化酶、鳃和肾脏ATP酶的活力.结果表明:随着盐度的降低和处理时间的延长,肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活力总体表现出先升后降的趋势(P<0.05);而过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活力除在盐度20的24 h和盐度15的48 h略有上升外,其他各时间点的酶活力均低于对照组(P<0.05);谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活力表现出逐步升高的趋势(P<0.05);谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活力在盐度15的24 h时出现上升,随后下降到较低水平(P<0.05).鳃和肾脏中Na+/K+-ATP酶和Ga2+/Mg2+-ATP酶活力总体均表现为先升后降的趋势(P<0.05),只是在两种器官中ATP酶上升的起始盐度和时间有所不同.适当降低水体盐度可以激活和增强银鲳幼鱼肝脏中的抗氧化酶、鳃和肾脏ATP酶活力,消除机体中过多的活性氧自由基和稳定细胞内外渗透压平衡.但不同酶被激活具有一定的组织器官特异性和时序性,而且当达到机体的耐受极限后,酶活力反被抑制.     

肠道气泡堆积对银鲳肠道菌群结构的影响

为研究肠道气泡堆积对银鲳(Pampus argenteus)肠道菌群的影响,2019年3月于东海水产研究所福鼎研究中心采集了15尾肠道气泡堆积的银鲳为病鱼组,15尾健康银鲳为健康鱼组,并通过16S r DNA基因DNA高通量测序技术结合LEfSe分析方法,对两组样品间菌群结构和多样性进行对比分析。结果显示,病鱼组肠道菌群多样性与健康鱼组无显著差异(P 0.05),但病鱼组肠道菌群的均匀度和相对丰度都显著低于健康鱼组(P 0.05)。两组样品的优势菌群均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),且相对丰度都较大(超过97%)。此外,利用LEfSe分析两组样品发现,病鱼组中如根瘤菌(Rhizobium)、栖热菌(Thermus)等好氧菌丰度显著高于健康鱼组,而不动肝菌(Acinetobacter)、微酸菌(Ilumatobacter)等显著低于健康鱼组,蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria)相对丰度显著高于健康鱼组。由此可以表明,肠道气泡堆积很可能会引发肠道菌群紊乱。