Fungal Infection of Mantis Shrimp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oratosquilla oratoria</Emphasis>) Caused by Two Anamorphic Fungi Found in Japan

Two fungal pathogens of the mantis shrimp (Oratosquilla oratoria) in Yamaguchi and Aichi Prefectures, Japan are described as the new species Plectosporium oratosquillae and Acremonium sp. (a member of the Emericellopsis marine clade). Both fungi infect the gills of the mantis shrimp, which become brown or black due to melanization. The former species is characterized by its slow growth on artificial seawater yeast extract peptone glucose (PYGS) agar, pale yellow to pale orange or grayish yellow colonies, short cylindrical solitary phialides with a wavy tip, and one-celled ellipsoidal conidia. Although lacking the two-celled conidia demonstrated by the type species Plectosporium tabacinum, the taxonomic placement of the new species was confirmed by DNA sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (ITS1, 5.8S rDNA and ITS2). Acremonium sp., the other causal pathogen, differs from P. oratosquillae by its fast growth on PYGS agar, pale orange to salmon-colored colonies, long, slender conidiophores consisting of solitary phialides with tips lacking an undulate outline, and typically cylindrical conidia. Analysis of ITS and β-tubulin gene sequences placed this fungus within the phylogenetically distinct Emericellopsis (anam. Acremonium) marine clade. Various physiological characteristics of both pathogens were also investigated. This is the first report of a fungal infection found on the mantis shrimp in Japan.     

辽东湾海域口虾蛄的资源特征及变化

<正>口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)属于节肢动物门,软甲纲(Malacostraca),口足目(Stomatopoda),虾蛄科(Squillidae Latreille),口虾蛄属(Oratosquilla)[1],地方俗名有"虾爬子"、"螳螂虾"、"虾虎"、"琵琶虾"、"虾拔弹"[2]等,为多年生大型甲壳类,主要分布于热带、亚热带、温带海域[3]。在我国各海区中广泛分布,以黄海、渤海产量最大[4]。随着过度捕捞及环境恶化等因素的影响,海洋生物资源日趋衰退,口虾蛄的经济价值逐年提高,口虾蛄已成为辽宁沿海主要捕捞对象之一。国外学者对口虾蛄作了     

不同饵料和水温对口虾蛄成活、生长及育肥性能的影响

为比较不同饵料、水温对口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)在越冬期间生长育肥及性腺发育的影响,选用当年池塘养殖口虾蛄[初始体重(21.99±4.86)g,n=600]为研究对象,在养殖设施相同条件下,研究了在自然水温(7.7～13.6℃)和加温(17.1～20.9℃)条件下投喂去壳蛤蜊(Ruditapes philippinarum)和冰鲜杂鱼对口虾蛄的成活率、体长、体宽、体重、性腺指数、肌肉指数及可食率等7项指标的影响。实验共分常温蛤蜊、常温冰鲜杂鱼、加温蛤蜊和加温冰鲜杂鱼4个实验组,实验周期为90 d。结果显示:(1)加温可使口虾蛄成活率显著降低,温度是影响口虾蛄越冬成活的重要因素之一;(2)在整个实验过程中口虾蛄的体长、体宽和体重3项生物学指标均随实验天数的增加呈增长趋势,但各指标不同时间均不存在显著性差异(P 0.05);(3)常温条件比加温条件更有益于口虾蛄性腺指数的增加,其中以常温投喂去壳蛤蜊的效果最好,其性腺指数平均可达14.53%(♀)和7.69%(♂);(4)在整个实验过程中,口虾蛄的肌肉指数随实验进行总体呈上升趋势,除常温蛤蜊与加温蛤蜊实验组间的口虾蛄可食率存在显著性差异(P 0.05)外,其他各实验组两两之间均不存在显著性差异(P0.05);(5)不同饵料和水温的交互影响结果表明,温度是影响口虾蛄性腺指数的重要因素(P 0.01),饵料仅对雌性口虾蛄性腺指数产生显著性影响(P 0.01)。实验结果表明,相对于加温环境,常温环境基本能满足口虾蛄越冬期间的生长和育肥的需求,特别是在10～13℃的水温条件;与冰鲜杂鱼相比,摄食去壳蛤蜊更有利于口虾蛄的性腺发育积累。     

口虾蛄proPO基因全长cDNA的克隆与组织表达

口虾蛄是海湾底拖网渔业中具有重要经济价值的种类,分布广泛.其自然资源日渐衰退,人工育苗技术获得成功后,口虾蛄养殖过程中病害问题及其防治应引起足够的重视.为此,拟通过分子生物学手段研究口虾蛄免疫系统的核心酶——酚氧化酶(PO)的分子结构及该基因的组织表达,从而在分子水平上深入探究其免疫机理.采用反转录PCR(RT-PCR)与cDNA末端快速克隆(RACE)技术从口虾蛄血细胞中克隆了酚氧化酶原(O-proPO)基因,cDNA全长为2436bp,其中开放阅读框为2142bp,编码713个氨基酸.预测分子量为82446Da,等电点(pI)为8.78.该基因与Genbank上登录的斑节对虾、凡纳滨对虾、罗氏沼虾、短沟对虾、日本对虾proPO基因序列具有较高的同源性,分别为82％、76％、76％、72％、70％.序列分析表明O-proPO为proPO家族中的一个成员,其氨基酸序列中含有多个免疫调节作用位点.系统进化分析显示O-proPO与十足目种类的proPO为同一分支的2个亚群,而后于丰年虫的proPO形成一分支.O-proPO基因表达具有组织特异性,在血淋巴和肠中表达,但在血淋巴中表达量明显高于肠.     

粤东海域口虾蛄遗传多样性

采用线粒体COI基因序列对粤东汕尾和深圳2个海域口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)的遗传多样性进行了分析.研究表明,所分析的口虾蛄mtDNA CO I基因(592 by)共检测到21个变异位点,占总位点的3.55%.转换和颠换位点数分别为18和3个,碱基替换的饱和性分析表明,口虾蛄CO I基因碱基替换...     

黑斑口虾蛄的卵巢组织学研究

通过对黑斑口虾蛄的卵巢组织切片观察,结果表明,卵细胞的发育分卵原细胞期（I期）,卵黄形成前期卵母细胞（II期）,卵黄形成期卵母细胞（III期）,成熟期卵细胞（IV期）,在卵黄形成前期和卵黄形成期卵母细胞对应的卵巢左右两叶各有一“S”形的增殖中心。     

Does a single meal affect female reproductive output in the sexually cannibalistic praying mantid Iris oratoria?

1. One explanation of the evolution of sexual cannibalism, the female’s consumption of a male during or following courtship or copulation, is that this behaviour increases the female’s fitness. This study tests the assumption that a single meal increases female reproductive output significantly in the sexually cannibalistic praying mantid Iris oratoria L. 2. In 38 mating trials, seven of the females cannibalised the males. In order to augment the number of females that fed, an additional nine females were each fed one cricket nymph at the end of the mating trial. 3. Three measures of female reproductive output – the occurrence of oviposition, the mass of the first ootheca, and the number of eggs in the first ootheca – increased significantly with female feeding condition, which was a reflection of food consumed before the mating trial. Females that copulated later in the season tended to lay lighter oothecae. 4. The females’ consumption of a meal during the mating trial, either a conspecific male or a cricket, did not influence any measure of reproductive output significantly, although possible effects upon subsequent oothecae cannot be ruled out. 5. If, as the present study suggests, a single meal provides a negligible or delayed benefit to female reproductive output, the evolution of sexual cannibalism might lie in alternative explanations, which include possible fitness benefits to cannibalistic females in the nymphal stage or possible paternity benefits to the cannibalised males.