Flexibility of reproductive tactics and their consequences in the brood parasitic fish Pungtungia herzi (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

Although previous studies have claimed that Pungtungia herzi (Cyprinidae) is an obligate brood parasite, in this study a significant proportion of P. herzi egg masses was found in crevices formed by stones and rocks, which was not guarded by hosts. Egg masses were also found in almost all nests of a goby Odontobutis obscura , suggesting that P. herzi has two alternative reproductive tactics: brood parasitic spawning and non-parasitic crevice spawning, the latter of which may occur when a shortage of reproductive resources ( i.e . host nests) exists. The hatching rates of parasitic egg masses were significantly higher than those of non-parasitic egg masses, and the hatching rate of P. herzi eggs exhibited a strong positive correlation with continuous egg guarding by a reproductive O. obscura male. These results indicate that brood parasitism effectively improves reproductive success in P. herzi . The alternative reproductive tactic of this species suggests that brood parasitism has evolved directly from crevice spawning via the sharing of spawning habitat with host species.     

中国沙塘鳢属鱼类线粒体12S rRNA基因序列分析

沙塘鳢属鱼类为东亚特有的小型淡水经济鱼类,中国产沙塘鳢属鱼类分类问题长期存在争议。本文测定了中国产沙塘鳢属鱼类全部种类的线粒体12S rRNA基因部分序列,结合GenBank中下载的2种日本沙塘鳢属鱼类和塘鳢科鱼类同源序列,探讨中国产4种沙塘鳢属鱼类的物种有效性,分析沙塘鳢属鱼类的系统发育关系。作者所使用的同源序列长度为690bp,其中变异位点258个,简约信息位点201个,包括插入/缺失位点34个,转换/颠换平均值为3.0,表明12S rRNA基因是研究沙塘鳢属鱼类系统发育关系的合适分子标记。基于p-distance模型的6种沙塘鳢属鱼类种内遗传距离为0.000—0.024,种间遗传距离为0.058—0.064,支持暗色沙塘鳢和中华沙塘鳢为不同种,中国产沙塘鳢属鱼类包括中华沙塘鳢、河川沙塘鳢、海丰沙塘鳢、鸭绿江沙塘鳢4个种的观点;至于中国还有没有新的沙塘鳢属鱼类,尚有待进一步研究。系统发育分析表明海丰海塘鳢是河川沙塘鳢的姐妹群,暗色沙塘鳢与O.hikimius的亲缘关系最为密切,而同属其余类群之间的系统发育关系则由于自展数据支持率较低而尚不明确。中国产沙塘鳢和日本产沙塘鳢并未单独分群,推测沙塘鳢属鱼类的共同原始祖先可能广泛分布于中国、朝鲜和日本等东亚地区,约在4.9—6.5百万年前的上新世开始分化,系统发育过程比较适合离散假说。     

Unusual mitochondrial genome structure of the freshwater goby Odontobutis platycephala: rearrangement of tRNAs and an additional non-coding region

Mitochondrial DNA was isolated from the Korean freshwater gobioid fish Odontobutis platycephala by long-polymerase chain reaction with conserved primers and this mtDNA was sequenced by primer walking using flanking sequences as sequencing primers. The resultant O. platycephala mtDNA sequence was found to be 17 588 bp in size with a mostly conserved structural organization when compared with that of other teleost fish. Rearrangements of tRNAs (tRNA-Ser, tRNA-Leu, tRNA-His) and an additional non-coding region (533 bp) were present between the ND4 and ND5 genes. In the present paper, the basic characteristics of the O. platycephala mitochondrial genome is reported, including its structural organization, base composition of rRNAs, tRNAs and protein-encoding genes, characteristics of mitochondrial tRNAs and the peculiar rearrangement features of some parts of the mtDNA. Phylogenetic analysis performed using the cytochrome b gene sequences of 16 Korean freshwater fishes (15 gobioids) with the Bayesian algorithm showed that O. platycephala forms a clade (1·00 of posterior probability) with other species of Odontobutis . This suggests that the observed rearrangement between the ND4 and ND5 genes in the O. platycephala mitogenome reflects independent events.     

河川沙塘鳢繁殖期与非繁殖期种群形态差异、雌雄个体差异及遗传多样性分析

本研究利用传统形态性状测量及框架性状分析方法研究了江苏省河川沙塘鳢繁殖期与非繁殖期种群形态特征及雌雄个体差异。结果显示，河川沙塘鳢存在形态特征的季节差异，繁殖期个体拥有相对较大的眼径、眼间距，推测与食物资源的季节性变化有关；另外，背鳍前距和胸鳍基长较长，可能因性腺发育饱满导致该时期个体腹腔容积变大。在两性特征中，两性异形指数为-0.013，表明雄鱼个体较大。雄性在尾柄高、尾鳍长等方面显著大于雌性，以此来增加竞争能力以及对后代的保护能力。雌性个体具有较大的腹腔容量，增加了繁殖输出，提高繁殖适合度。另外，本研究基于线粒体cyt b基因，84个个体共识别出17个单倍型，整体表现出具有较高的遗传多样性（h=0.892，π=0.508%），表明江苏省河川沙塘鳢群体存在丰富的线粒体DNA多态性。     

河川沙塘鳢视觉器官的发育及其与摄食的关系

利用光学显微镜观察了河川沙塘鳢(Odontobutis potamophila)视觉器官的发育,并对其发育与摄食的关系进行了研究。河川沙塘鳢的眼囊起源于神经外胚层。当胚胎发育至心跳期时,眼囊内陷形成视杯;之后,视杯内表面的外胚层形成晶状体而与视杯分离,视杯进一步发育形成视网膜。随着胚胎的进一步发育,晶状体的直径增加,结构逐步发育完善。胚胎发育至眼黑色素出现期时,视网膜分化为6层,其中,外核层、内核层和神经节细胞层3个核层明显;胚胎发育至孵化前期时,视网膜已分化为10层。孵出后1d的仔鱼,其视网膜已能行使功能,仔鱼逐渐开口摄食。随着稚、幼鱼的发育,视网膜厚度进一步增加,结构发育完善。视网膜的结构和视觉特性显示河川沙塘鳢是要求光照条件好、白昼活动并具有较好视觉功能的鱼类。     

Motile iridophores of a freshwater goby,Odontobutis obscura

Summary Reflecting chromatophores in the dermis of the skin of a freshwater goby, Odontobutis obscura, are of an iridophore type. These chromatophores contain numerous reflecting platelets, which are similar to those in iridophores of other fish and amphibian species. It was found that these iridophores are motile, i.e., these cells respond to certain stimuli with translocation of the platelets within the cells. K⁺ ions induced dispersion of the platelets in excised scale preparations, but not in excised scales from chemically denervated fish. Norepinephrine and melatonin also induced dispersion of the platelets. Alpha-MSH was effective in aggregating these organelles into the centrospheres of the cells. The conclusions reached are: (1) iridophores of O. obscura are motile; (2) the movement of the iridophores is under nervous and hormonal control.     

尖塘鳢属鱼类线粒体12SrRNA基因序列分析

利用PCR技术扩增和测序了线纹尖塘鳢、云斑尖塘鳢和海丰沙塘鳢线粒体12SrRNA基因,结合从GenBank中下载的部分同源序列,共分析了5种鱼类的系统发育关系。在Kimura2-parameter模型构建的邻接树中,原产泰国的云斑尖塘鳢与原产澳州线纹尖塘鳢均为单系类群,二者为亲缘关系最为密切的姐妹群,海丰沙塘鳢与其它群体的亲缘关系较远,支持将尖塘鳢属从塘鳢属中分出的传统分类处理。尖塘鳢属内云斑尖塘鳢和线纹尖塘鳢鱼类种内DNA序列无差异,而种间差异明显,表明线粒体12SrRNA基因可作为塘鳢科鱼类种类鉴定的良好分子标记。     

塔里木河流域发现河川沙塘鳢

2006年10月28日,作者在新疆阿拉尔市塔里木大学集贸市场采购到1尾活的属于塘鳢科小鱼;2007年6月15日,塔里木大学文理学院学生在新疆生产建设兵团农一师十二团八连(属阿拉尔市管辖)塔里木河灌溉沟渠中抓获一批小杂鱼,从中获得6尾与上述小鱼同样的鱼;     

淮河水系沙塘鳢形态生物学和繁殖力

分析了淮河水系沙塘鳢(Odontobutis obscura)的外部形态特征和框架特征及其繁殖力,为其形态种质标准和系统分类研究提供参考。结果表明可数性状,背鳍Ⅶ,Ⅰ-9~10,尾鳍14~15,臀鳍Ⅰ-7~8,腹鳍Ⅰ-5,胸鳍14~15,纵列鳞36~41,横列鳞14~18,体侧感觉乳突线鳞28~30,第一鳃弓鳃耙数9~11,脊椎骨数28~29;可量性状,平均全长是体长1.23倍,体长分别是体高、头长、尾柄长、消化道长和肠长的3.82倍、3.08倍、5.19倍、1.86倍和6.99倍,头长分别是吻长、眼径、眼间距和口裂宽2.94倍、6.09倍、3.86倍和1.94倍,体高是体宽0.96倍,尾柄长是尾柄高1.66倍。肥满度系数K=2.90;平均个体绝对繁殖力3288粒,体质量相对繁殖力102.3粒.g-1,体长相对繁殖力308.7粒.cm-1。平均成熟系数雌鱼为12.87%,雄鱼为1.13%。     

河川沙塘鳢胚胎、仔鱼发育过程中 蛋白质含量及氨基酸库的变化

采用生物化学方法测定和分析了河川沙塘鳢（Odontobutis potamophila）胚胎、仔鱼发育过程中蛋白质含量及氨基酸的组成和含量。结果显示,从受精卵开始到孵出后8 d饥饿仔鱼的整个胚胎和仔鱼发育过程中,其总蛋白和总氨基酸含量均呈下降趋势;总的必需氨基酸含量和总的非必需氨基酸含量也一样都呈现出下降趋势;平均含量最高的氨基酸是亮氨酸Leu、赖氨酸Lys、谷氨酸Glu和天冬氨酸Asp。与总氨基酸库相反,游离氨基酸库却呈现出随着发育的进行而不断增长的趋势,这种增长趋势也反映在游离的必需氨基酸和游离的非必需氨基酸含量的变化上,并且平均含量最高的游离氨基酸是赖氨酸Lys、亮氨酸Leu、脯氨酸Pro和谷氨酸Glu。整个发育过程中,游离氨基酸的含量仅占总氨基酸库的很小一部分（在受精卵,仅占0.16%）。由于总蛋白和总氨基酸含量在发育过程中均呈下降趋势,而游离氨基酸含量呈增长趋势,由此可知,在整个胚胎发生过程中,其卵黄蛋白的水解速度大于胚体同化和异化作用对氨基酸的消耗速度。