中国燕麦种质资源国外引种与利用

综述了中国从国外引进燕麦种质资源及其利用情况。经过长期努力,中国从28个国家引进29个物种的燕麦种质资源共计2099份,大大增加了中国燕麦种质资源的数量,丰富了中国保存燕麦种质资源的物种和遗传多样性。与此同时,利用国外燕麦种质资源改良和培育出了一批优良品种,极大地提高了中国燕麦生产水平。利用引进的燕麦野生资源,开展了燕麦种质创新、起源进化和遗传学研究,取得了显著进展。建议继续加强国外燕麦种质资源的引进,对野生燕麦进行深入鉴定评价和利用,同时加强燕麦种质资源国际合作研究。     

Impaired renal organic anion transport 1 (SLC22A6) and its regulation following acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion injury in rats

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a high frequent and common complication following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study examined and identified the effect of AMI-induced AKI on organic anion transporter 1 (Oat1) and Oat3 transport using clinical setting of pre-renal AKI in vivo. Cardiac ischaemia (CI) and cardiac ischaemia and reperfusion (CIR) were induced in rats by 30-min left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and 30-min occlusion followed by 120-min reperfusion, respectively. Renal hemodynamic parameters, mitochondrial function and Oat1/Oat3 expression and function were determined along with biochemical markers. Results showed that CI markedly reduced renal blood flow and pressure by approximately 40%, while these parameters were recovered during reperfusion. CI and CIR progressively attenuated renal function and induced oxidative stress by increasing plasma BUN, creatinine and malondialdehyde levels. Correspondingly, SOD, GPx, CAT mRNAs were decreased, while TNFα, IL1β, COX2, iNOS, NOX2, NOX4, and xanthine oxidase were increased. Mitochondrial dysfunction as indicated by increasing ROS, membrane depolarisation, swelling and caspase3 activation were shown. Early significant detection of AKI; KIM1, IL18, was found. All of which deteriorated para-aminohippurate transport by down-regulating Oat1 during sudden ischaemia. This consequent blunted the trafficking rate of Oat1/Oat3 transport via down-regulating PKCζ/Akt and up-regulating PKCα/NFκB during CI and CIR. Thus, this promising study indicates that CI and CIR abruptly impaired renal Oat1 and regulatory proteins of Oat1/Oat3, which supports dysregulation of remote sensing and signalling and inter-organ/organismal communication. Oat1, therefore, could potentially worsen AKI and might be a potential therapeutic target for early reversal of such injury.     

燕麦分子育种研究进展

燕麦是一种主要生长在温带冷凉地区的粮饲兼用作物,近年来燕麦的营养价值和降低胆固醇特性的发现使人们认识到燕麦及其制品是一种健康食品,促进了燕麦产业发展,对燕麦品种培育提出了更高要求。在此背景下,现代生物技术与常规育种技术结合是满足这一需求的重要途经。本文综述了国内外燕麦分子育种方面的研究进展:(1)我国燕麦种质资源的收集与遗传多样性研究。我国的燕麦种质资源收集工作起始于20世纪50年代,迄今收集并保存了5282份燕麦种质资源。对这些资源的遗传多样性分析研究表明,国内的燕麦种质资源中内蒙古和山西的资源多样性最高;(2)利用各种分子标记构建燕麦遗传连锁图谱研究;(3)一些重要农艺性状的QTL定位研究以及全基因组关联分析研究。包括产量、含油量、β-葡聚糖含量、蛋白质含量、抽穗期、抗病基因、抗冻性等重要农艺性状;(4)标记辅助基因组选择技术在燕麦中的应用;(5)燕麦遗传工程育种研究进展。同时,本文将国内的主要研究进展与国外相关的最新研究成果进行了比较,并对当前分子育种中存在的问题及今后的研究方向进行了探讨,希望能为今后通过生物技术手段培育燕麦新品种提供一定的参考。     

燕麦米汤对严重烧伤患者休克期肠道复苏的影响

目的:研究严重烧伤患者休克期经肠道给予燕麦米汤对肠道复苏的影响。方法:选取烧伤面积≥30%TBSA的患者42例,并随机分为:燕麦米汤组,伤后24h内开始经鼻肠管给予燕麦米汤;对照组,伤后24h内开始经鼻肠管给予50g/L葡萄糖盐水,连续4d,每组21例。在伤后1、2、3、4 d分别检测其血清二氨氧化酶(DAO)值及动脉血乳酸(LAC)含量,观察两组患者腹胀缓解时间、肠鸣音恢复时间等临床指标。结果:两组患者伤后血清二氨氧化酶及动脉血乳酸含量均呈下降趋势,燕麦米汤组血清二氨氧化酶在伤后2、3、4d显著低于对照组(P<0.01),而脉血乳酸含量在伤后2、3d显著低于对照组(P<0.05或0.01),治疗过程中燕麦米汤组其腹胀缓解时间、肠鸣音恢复时间、排气时间、开始完全肠内营养时间、继发感染例数均优于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:在严重烧伤休克期尽早鼻饲燕麦米汤能较好地促进肠道复苏。     

燕麦米汤对严重烧伤患者休克期肠道复苏的影响

目的：研究严重烧伤患者休克期经肠道给予燕麦米汤对肠道复苏的影响。方法：选取烧伤面积≥30%TBSA的患者42例,并随机分为：燕麦米汤组,伤后24h内开始经鼻肠管给予燕麦米汤;对照组,伤后24h内开始经鼻肠管给予50g/L葡萄糖盐水,连续4d,每组21例。在伤后1、2、3、4 d分别检测其血清二氨氧化酶（DAO）值及动脉血乳酸（LAC）含量,观察两组患者腹胀缓解时间、肠鸣音恢复时间等临床指标。结果：两组患者伤后血清二氨氧化酶及动脉血乳酸含量均呈下降趋势,燕麦米汤组血清二氨氧化酶在伤后2、3、4d显著低于对照组（P〈0.01）,而脉血乳酸含量在伤后2、3d显著低于对照组（P〈0.05或0.01）,治疗过程中燕麦米汤组其腹胀缓解时间、肠鸣音恢复时间、排气时间、开始完全肠内营养时间、继发感染例数均优于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论：在严重烧伤休克期尽早鼻饲燕麦米汤能较好地促进肠道复苏。     

Two new secondary metabolites isolated from Avena sativa L. (Oat) seedlings and their effects on osteoblast differentiation

Seedlings of natural crops are valuable sources of pharmacologically active phytochemicals. In this study, we aimed to identify new active secondary metabolites in Avena sativa L. (oat) seedlings. Two new compounds, avenafuranol (1) and diosgenoside (2), along with eight known compounds (3–10) were isolated from the A. sativa L. seedlings. Their chemical structures were elucidated via 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution ESIMS, IR spectroscopy, optical rotation analysis, and comparisons with the reported literature. The effect of each isolated compound on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity for osteoblast differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) was investigated using the C2C12 immortal mouse myoblast cell line. Compounds 1, 4, 6, 8, and 9 induced dose-dependent increases in ALP expression relative to ALP expression in cells treated with only BMP-2, and no cytotoxicity was observed. These results suggest that A. sativa L. seedlings are a natural source of compounds that may be useful for preventing bone disorders.     

Fusion of oil bodies in endosperm of oat grains

Few microscopical studies have been made on lipid storage in oat grains, with variable results as to the extent of lipid accumulation in the starchy endosperm. Grains of medium- and high-lipid oat (Avena sativa L.) were studied at two developmental stages and at maturity, by light microscopy using different staining methods, and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Discrete oil bodies occurred in the aleurone layer, scutellum and embryo. In contrast, oil bodies in the starchy endosperm often had diffuse boundaries and fused with each other and with protein vacuoles during grain development, forming a continuous oil matrix between the protein and starch components. The different microscopical methods were confirmative to each other regarding the coalescence of oil bodies, a phenomenon probably correlated with the reduced amount of oil-body associated proteins in the endosperm. This was supported experimentally by SDS-PAGE separation of oil-body proteins and immunoblotting and immunolocalization with antibodies against a 16 kD oil-body protein. Much more oil-body proteins per amount of oil occurred in the embryo and scutellum than in the endosperm. Immunolocalization of 14 and 16 kD oil-body associated proteins on sectioned grains resulted in more heavy labeling of the embryo, scutellum and aleurone layer than the rest of the endosperm. Observations on the appearance of oil bodies at an early stage of development pertain to the prevailing hypotheses of oil-body biogenesis.     

Modification of chemical properties of cell walls by silicon and its role in regulation of the cell wall extensibility in oat leaves

Effects of silicon on the mechanical and chemical properties of cell walls in the second leaf of oat (Avena sativa L.) seedlings were investigated. The cell wall extensibility in the basal region of the second leaf was considerably higher than that in the middle and subapical regions. Externally applied silicon increased the cell wall extensibility in the basal region, but it did not affect the extensibility in the middle and subapical regions. The amounts of cell wall polysaccharides and phenolic compounds, such as diferulic acid (DFA) and ferulic acid (FA), per unit length were lower in the basal region than in the middle and subapical regions of the leaf, and silicon altered these amounts in the basal region. In this region, silicon decreased the amounts of matrix polymers and cellulose per unit length and of DFA and FA, both per unit length and unit matrix polymer content. Silicon treatment also lowered the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) in the basal region. In contrast, the amount of silicon in cell walls increased in response to silicon treatment in three regions. These results suggest that in the basal region, silicon reduces the net wall mass and the formation of phenolic acid-mediated cross-linkages between wall polysaccharides. Such modifications of wall architecture may be responsible for the silicon-induced increase in the cell wall extensibility in oat leaves.     

Cys/Gly-rich proteins with a putative single chitin-binding domain from oat (Avena sativa) seeds

Through a reliable and repeatable procedure based on solid-phase extraction techniques, a protein fraction (P fraction) rich in Cys/Gly residues was extracted and captured from oat (Avena sativa L.) seeds. Quantitative amino acid analysis and MS of the P fraction indicated that it contains a series of heterogeneous Cys/Gly-rich proteins with molecular masses of 3.6-4.0 kDa. Preliminary results from bioassays showed that these proteins possess weak to moderate antifungal properties to some fungal strains. From this fraction, a new polypeptide, designated avesin A, was purified and sequenced by Edman degradation. Avesin A consists of 37 amino-acid residues, with 10 glycine residues and eight cysteine residues forming disulfide bridges, and contains a single chitin-binding domain, which indicates that avesin A is a new member of the putative chitin-binding proteins. Avesin A is the first identified hevein-like small protein from cereal grains.     

Increased protoplast yield from oat leaves and bean internodes by non-injurious mechanical perturbation

Summary A simple new technique has been developed to greatly increase the yield of protoplasts from plant organs without injury to the plant. Mechanical perturbation (MP) by non-stressful rubbing of oat leaf segments and bean internodes yielded ten to twenty times more viable protoplasts than did controls. The increase in protoplast yield due to MP is best manifested, if the organs are excised and transferred to the cellulytic enzymes immediately after MP is given to the intact organ. The enzymes begin digesting from the lower end of the bean internodes and proceed acropetally. Vacuum infiltration of control oat leaf segments for 15 min with enzyme solution resulted in increased yield but less than due to MP. Increased levels of calcium (10 mM) in the medium decreased the yield of protoplasts from both control and MP-treated plant organs. EGTA significantly increased the yield of protoplasts from control oat leaf segments and marginally over that found in the control bean internodes. Cycloheximide increased the yield of protoplasts from oat leaf segments but not from bean internodes. It is suggested that MP may increase the susceptibility of cell wall polymers to cellulytic enzymes by reducing calcium cross linking. MP is thus a tool for increasing the yield of protoplasts from plant organs without causing injury.Abbreviations CHI cycloheximide - EGTA ethyleneglycol-bis-(ß-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid - FDA fluorescein diacetate - MP mechanical perturbation