四川梅花鹿内脏系统初步解剖

对一只成年雌性四川梅花鹿内脏系统作了初步的观察和研究,其气管长440 mm;食道呈漏斗状,具伸缩性,粗细不等;胃属于反刍胃,包括瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃、皱胃,容积分别占全部胃室的80%、6%、6.5%、7.5%;肠道全长是体长的12.79倍,小肠较发达,全长11 661.36 mm,占肠道总长的58.8%,具有较发达的盲肠;卵巢较小,子宫属于双角子宫.     

Variable extent of hybridization between invasive sika (Cervus nippon) and native red deer (C. elaphus) in a small geographical area

Instances of hybridization between endemic and alien species pose a threat to species integrity but also provide us with an opportunity to study the dynamics of gene flow between two species as they first meet. Here, we used variation at 22 highly differentiated microsatellite loci and one mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) marker in a sample of 735 individuals, to investigate the genetic consequences of an introduction of Japanese sika deer ( Cervus nippon ) for native red deer ( C. elaphus ) on the Kintyre Peninsula in Scotland. We investigated population structure, estimated null-allele frequency and assigned individual hybrid scores using a Bayesian clustering algorithm implemented in structure 2.2. The dataset clearly divided into two clusters and generally, introgression into red and sika was low. However at one site, West Loch Awe, 43% of individuals were hybrids. MtDNA introgression indicated that hybridization was occurring between red-deer hinds and sika-deer stags. We argue that the pattern of differential introgression across the study area is primarily due to the rarity of hybridization events between the two species and the limited time the two species have been in contact (< 120 years). This contrasts with the causes of classic mosaic hybrid zones (selection induced by habitat variability). Currently, it seems possible that, in time, the level of hybridization found at West Loch Awe could also be found across the whole of the peninsula.     

三种鹿茸片中氨基酸质量分数的比较

通过对东北梅花鹿茸片、新西兰鹿茸片以及东北梅花鹿茸骨片中氨基酸质量分数的比较测定,结果表明:东北梅花鹿茸片中的氨基酸质量分数高于其余两种茸片中的氨基酸质量分数,从而为合理选购和使用鹿茸片提供科学理论依据。     

Daily rhythm and seasonal pattern of lick use in sika deer (Cervus nippon) in China

Many ungulates are reported to use natural or artificial licks with seasonal patterns around the world. From December 2016 to August 2017, we used infrared camera to record the use of artificial licks in wild sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Zhejiang Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve, China. We explored the daily rhythm, seasonal pattern and sex difference in lick utilization. In total, 12,043 videos and 22,901 pictures were collected. Our results showed that: (1) the lick visiting frequency was higher at night than that during daytime; (2) the difference in lick visiting frequency between females and males disappeared after taking into account of sex ratio; (3) the lick duration peaked in April during a year. These findings suggested that there were clear daily rhythm and seasonal pattern of lick use in sika deer. Seasonal change in lick use intensity was consistent with our prediction. These variations in lick use might be driven by both the physiological needs of the mineral elements in different life stages and the seasonal changes in climate and food. The reserve management authority should pay more attention to the supplement of licks in spring and summer to fulfill animal’s physiological needs.     

野生朱鹮的种群数量和分布现状

2012年9-10月,我们对野生朱鹮（Nipponia nippon）的分布区和潜在分布区进行了调查,共发现其游荡期夜宿地23个,其中20个有朱鹮夜宿,分布在洋县（16个）、宁陕县（3个）和城固县（1个）。对这些夜宿地进行了的同步调查,共统计到野生朱鹮1 090只,其中97.2%分布在洋县境内。最大的夜宿集群数量为184只,集群数量超过40只的夜宿地共11个,累计停歇的朱鹮占总数的91.7%,表明野生朱鹮在游荡期有趋于集结较大群体夜宿的习性。朱鹮野生种群中当年出生的幼鸟占19.0%,据此估算,截至秋季朱鹮幼鸟的存活率约为67.2%。加强对保护区以外,尤其是野生朱鹮新扩散地区的的保护管理,将促进野生朱鹮种群的扩散,进一步增加这一濒危物种抵御风险的能力。     

朱鹮繁殖期的活动区和栖息地利用

20 0 0～ 2 0 0 2年 ,我们应用标记识别法和地理信息系统对朱繁殖期的活动性、活动区和栖息地利用进行了研究。结果表明 :朱在越冬期、繁殖期和繁殖后期的觅食距离存在差异 ,分别为 2 82 1± 1 4 88km、0 5 6 3± 0 6 81km和 1 70 6± 0 834km ,但同一时期中不同个体间的觅食距离无显著差异。不同年份中 ,朱在越冬期和繁殖期的觅食距离无显著差异 ;在繁殖后期 ,由于受到干旱等气候因素的影响 ,两年的觅食距离差异显著。一天中觅食距离最远的是 10 :0 0～ 12 :0 0 ,最近的是 0 6 :0 0～ 0 8:0 0。不同时间段中觅食行为的比例差异显著 ,0 6 :0 0～ 10 :0 0和 16 :0 0～ 18:0 0为取食高峰期 ,中午和夜宿前的休息和理羽行为则高于其他时间段。MCP法和 90 %Kernel法的计算结果表明 ,其中 8只观测次数较多的朱在繁殖期的平均活动区面积分别为10 0 8± 4 9 8hm2 和 175 6± 91 3hm2 ,5 0 %Kernel法计算的活动区的核心面积为 4 3 8± 2 1 5hm2 。朱个体间的繁殖活动区重叠强度较大 ,达到各自活动区的 2 4 5 %± 2 7 3%。朱营巢比较密集 ,配对亲鸟间的活动区重叠强度和其他个体的重叠强度无显著差别。栖息地利用研究表明 ,朱对针阔混交林的利用率显著低于研究区内的可利用率 ,对水田的利用     

江西桃红岭自然保护区夏季梅花鹿对生境的选择性

2005年6-8月在江西桃红岭自然保护区对夏季梅花鹿的生境选择性进行了初步研究。结果表明：梅花鹿选择灌丛和灌草丛、郁闭度较低、灌木盖度较小、食物丰富度高、阴坡、中上坡位、坡度平缓、水源距离在100-400m、人为干扰距离〉800m和海拔高度〉300m的环境;对郁闭度〉80％和水源距离≤100m的环境表现为随机选择。     

Monitoring ovarian cycle and conception by fecal progesterone analysis in sika deer

The ovarian cycle and conception of sika deer were studied to reveal factors responsible for delayed conception. Concentration of progesterone in feces from 12 female Hokkaido sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis Heude, 1884) was measured during the mating season in 2000. The cyclic pattern of fecal progesterone synchronized with estrous symptoms, which could hence be interpreted as indicating ovarian cycle. All observed females ovulated by 14 October. However, during the early mating season, females did not permit copulation at ovulation, and the length of luteal phase following ovulation without estrus was 9.8±4.6 days (5–24days). Most females conceived at the first copulation, which were confirmed by progesterone profiles that was sustained at a high level after the copulation. This indicates the presence of a functional corpus luteum, a state of pregnancy. Thus, some females had repeated ovulation without copulation several times, creating a 3–4week variation in the timing of conception. But some females conceived very late in the mating season after the repetition of ovulation and copulation.     

梅花鹿甲烷能代谢规律的研究

本文应用ＫＢ－１型呼吸测热装置,结合消化、代谢试验,对梅花鹿（Ｃｅｒｖｕｓｎｉｐｐｏｎ）甲烷能代谢规律进行了研究。结果表明,梅花鹿甲烷能的产生量随其采食量的增加而增加;也随着果食后时间的推移而减少,而且减少的幅度又随采食量的增加而下降;甲烷能的产生量分别占总能食入量、消化能食入量和体增热的６．６１％、８．８３％和１０．８８％;甲烷能的产生量随着日粮蛋白质水平的提高而降低,日粮蛋白质水平每提高１个百分点,甲烷能产生量就降低５８．５８ｋＪ／ｄ;分别以总能食入量（ＧＥＩ）和干物质食入量（ＤＭＩ）为自变量所建立的甲烷能（ＣＨ４Ｅ）估计分别为：ＣＨ４Ｅ（ｋＪ／ｄ）＝０．０７ＣＥＪ（ｋＪ／ｄ）－１０１．０４（ｎ＝１２,ｒ＝０．９４４,Ｐ＜０．０１）ＣＨ４Ｅ（ｋＪ／ｄ）＝９８．７８＋１．０５ＤＭＩ（ｇ／ｄ）（ｎ＝１２,ｒ＝０．９４２,Ｐ＜０．０１）     

Current state and the future of the crested ibis (Nipponia nippon): A case study by population viability analysis

There is only one population of the crested ibis (Nipponia nippon) surviving in the wild, which has not exceeded 40 individuals since it was rediscovered in 1981. We used detailed data of the annual population size and natality collected by the Crested Ibis Conservation and Observation Station (CICOS) over the past 17years. We were able to obtain a more accurate census of age structure and mortality as all of the fledglings have been identified by leg bands in 1987. Consequently, we analyzed the current state of the crested ibis and predicted its future using Population Viability Analysis (PVA) with the help of the computer simulation model VORTEX (Version 7.2). The results indicated that the extinction probability of the crested ibis was 19.7% in 100years. Sensitivity analysis showed that the extinction probabilities were sensitive to catastrophes and environmental variation, and the long-term existence of the population was dependent on the carrying capacity of the habitat and inbreeding depression. Conservation efforts are critical for the survival of the crested ibis. The prior conservation project involves controlling hunting and predation, as well as improving the life level of these few remnant creatures.