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The trypanocidal activity of N-allyl (NAOx) and N-propyl (NPOx) oxamates and that of the ethyl esters of N-allyl (Et-NAOx) and N-propyl (Et-NPOx) oxamates were tested on cultured epimastigotes (in vitro) and murine trypanosomiasis (in vivo) using five different T. cruzi strains. NAOx and NPOx did not penetrate intact epimastigotes and therefore we were not able to detect any trypanocidal effect with these oxamates. Whereas the ethyl esters (Et-NAOx and Et-NPOx), acting as prodrugs, exhibited in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activity on the five tested T. cruzi strains. On the contrary, when Nifurtimox and Benznidazole used as reference drugs were tested, we found that only three of the five tested T. cruzi strains were affected, whereas the other two strains, Miguz and Compostela, were resistant to the in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activity of these compounds.  相似文献   
2.
The effect of N-isopropyl oxamate on the activity of α-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase-isozyme II (HADH-isozyme II) from Trypanosoma cruzi was investigated. The kinetic studies showed that this substance was a competitive inhibitor of this isozyme. The attachment of the nonpolar isopropylic branched chain to the nitrogen of oxamate increased 12-fold the affinity of N-isopropyl oxamate for the active site of T. cruzi HADH-isozyme II. N-isopropyl oxamate was a selective inhibitor of HADH-isozyme II, since other T. cruzi dehydrogenases were not inhibited by this substance. Since HADH-isozyme II participates in the energy metabolism of T. cruzi, a trypanocidal effect can be expected with inhibitors of this isozyme. However, although it was not possible to detect any trypanocidal activity with N-isopropyl oxamate when the ethyl ester was tested as a possible trypanocidal prodrug, the expected trypanocidal effect was obtained, comparable to that obtained with nifurtimox and benznidazole.  相似文献   
3.
高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniac)对高原低氧环境有很强的适应性。我们研究发现,精子特异性乳酸脱氢酶(LDH-C4)在高原鼠兔肝组织中表达。为了阐明LDH-C4对高原鼠兔肝组织无氧糖酵解水平的影响,将20只高原鼠兔随机分为抑制剂组和空白对照组,每组10只。抑制剂组注射1 mol/L LDH-C4特异性抑制剂N-异丙基草氨酸盐(N-isopropyl oxamate)于高原鼠兔股二头肌,双侧各注射500μl,空白对照组注射等剂量的0.9%生理盐水。应用荧光定量PCR和western blot方法,测定了精子特异性乳酸脱氢酶基因(Ldh-c)在高原鼠兔肝组织中的表达水平,应用高压液相色谱法测定了血液中抑制剂的浓度,用生物化学方法测定了抑制剂组和空白对照组高原鼠兔肝组织中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)比活力以及乳酸(LD)和ATP含量。结果表明,在m RNA和蛋白水平,Ldh-c基因在高原鼠兔肝组织中均有表达,m RNA相对表达水平为0.22±0.04,蛋白相对表达水平为0.97±0.20;当肌肉注射1 mol/L的抑制剂30 min后,血液中抑制剂浓度为0.08 mmol/L,肝组织中乳酸脱氢酶比活力抑制剂组和空白对照组分别为(4 990±290)U/g和(7 360±420)U/g,抑制剂组和空白对照组乳酸含量分别为(0.38±0.05)mmol/g和(0.53±0.03)mmol/g,抑制剂组和空白对照组ATP含量分别为(5.84±0.83)μmol/g和(7.78±1.06)μmol/g,经单因素方差分析,抑制剂组的乳酸脱氢酶比活力和乳酸及ATP含量均显著下降(P0.01);抑制剂对乳酸脱氢酶比活力和乳酸及ATP含量的抑制率分别为30.19%±3.90%、32.22%±8.70%和24.94%±7.80%。以上结果说明,Ldh-c在高原鼠兔肝组织中表达,LDH-C4通过催化无氧糖酵解过程,为其肝组织生命活动提供至少24%的ATP,这可能使高原鼠兔减小了在低氧环境中对氧气的依赖,增强了对低氧环境的适应力。  相似文献   
4.
Anna Atlante  Ersilia Marra 《BBA》2007,1767(11):1285-1299
Having confirmed that externally added l-lactate can enter cerebellar granule cells, we investigated whether and how l-lactate is metabolized by mitochondria from these cells under normal or apoptotic conditions.
(1)
l-lactate enters mitochondria, perhaps via an l-lactate/H+ symporter, and is oxidized in a manner stimulated by ADP. The existence of an l-lactate dehydrogenase, located in the inner mitochondrial compartment, was shown by immunological analysis. Neither the protein level nor the Km and Vmax values changed en route to apoptosis.
(2)
In both normal and apoptotic cell homogenates, externally added l-lactate caused reduction of the intramitochondrial pyridine cofactors, inhibited by phenylsuccinate. This process mirrored l-lactate uptake by mitochondria and occurred with a hyperbolic dependence on l-lactate concentrations. Pyruvate appeared outside mitochondria as a result of external addition of l-lactate. The rate of the process depended on l-lactate concentration and showed saturation characteristics. This shows the occurrence of an intracellular l-lactate/pyruvate shuttle, whose activity was limited by the putative l-lactate/pyruvate antiporter. Both the carriers were different from the monocarboxylate carrier.
(3)
l-lactate transport changed en route to apoptosis. Uptake increased in the early phase of apoptosis, but decreased in the late phase with characteristics of a non-competitive like inhibition. In contrast, the putative l-lactate/pyruvate antiport decreased en route to apoptosis with characteristics of a competitive like inhibition in early apoptosis, and a mixed non-competitive like inhibition in late apoptosis.
  相似文献   
5.
The trypanocidal activity of N-isopropyl oxamate (NIPOx) and the ethyl ester of N-isopropyl oxamate (Et-NIPOx) were tested on cultured epimastigotes (in vitro) and on murine trypanosomiasis (in vivo) using five different T. cruzi strains. When benznidazole and nifurtimox, used for comparison, were tested we found that only three of these T. cruzi strains were affected, whereas the other two strains, Miguz and Compostela, were resistant to the in vitro and the in vivo trypanocidal activity of these substances. In addition, when NIPOx was tested on cultured epimastigotes and on mice parasitaemia, trypanocidal activity was not obtained on either of these T. cruzi strains. Our experiments strongly suggest that NIPOx does not penetrate intact epimastigotes due to the polarity of its carboxylate whereas Et-NIPOx, acting as a prodrug, exhibited in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activity in the five tested T. cruzi strains.  相似文献   
6.
Non-denaturing electrophoresis can be used to screen enzymes that self-regulate their activities by using a combination of enzymes and their inhibitors. Furthermore, this technique can be applied to develop enzyme reactors that self-regulate their activities. After separation of proteins from mouse liver cytosol by non-denaturing isoelectric focusing, lactate dehydrogense (LDH) and esterase activities were qualitatively and quantitatively examined using a combination of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and non-denaturing stacking gel electrophoresis. Activities of mouse liver-derived LDH and carboxylesterase were reversibly inhibited by oxamate and 6,9-diamino-2-ethoxyacridine (acrinol), respectively, in the stacking gels and recovered when the enzymes migrated towards the separation gels. After separation and immobilization of the enzymes, their activities were inhibited by inhibitors and recovered after inhibitor removal. These results indicate that non-denaturing electrophoresis can be applied to select enzymes that self-regulate their activities and subsequently aid in the development of enzyme reactors that can control the enzyme activities.  相似文献   
7.
It is now clear that mitochondria are an important target for oxidative stress in a broad range of pathologies, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Methods for assessing the impact of reactive species on isolated mitochondria are well established but constrained by the need for large amounts of material to prepare intact mitochondria for polarographic measurements. With the availability of high-resolution polarography and fluorescence techniques for the measurement of oxygen concentration in solution, measurements of mitochondrial function in intact cells can be made. Recently, the development of extracellular flux methods to monitor changes in oxygen concentration and pH in cultures of adherent cells in multiple-sample wells simultaneously has greatly enhanced the ability to measure bioenergetic function in response to oxidative stress. Here we describe these methods in detail using representative cell types from renal, cardiovascular, nervous, and tumorigenic model systems while illustrating the application of three protocols to analyze the bioenergetic response of cells to oxidative stress.  相似文献   
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