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1.
Both leica microscopic camera system and scanning electron microscopy was used to observe and characterize the feet, back, abdomen, antennae and mouthparts of the Pseudoregma bambucicola from the bamboo, Bambusa multiplex. The possible functions of all the external morphological characteristics of the P. bambucicola were described and discussed in detail, which offers a basis for further enriching the biology, phylogeny and ecological niche of the P. bambucicola. Moreover, the morphological results should contribute to morphological identification and differentiation of the P. bambucicola from other aphids in the same family.  相似文献   
2.
Understanding the patterns of genetic variations within fertility‐related genes and the evolutionary forces that shape such variations is crucial in predicting the fitness landscapes of subsequent generations. This study reports distinct evolutionary features of two differentially expressed mammalian proteins [CaMKIV (Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase IV) and CaS (calspermin)] that are encoded by a single gene, CAMK4. The multifunctional CaMKIV, which is expressed in multiple tissues including testis and ovary, is evolving at a relatively low rate (0.46–0.64 × 10?9 nucleotide substitutions/site/year), whereas the testis‐specific CaS gene, which is predominantly expressed in post‐meiotic cells, evolves at least three to four times faster (1.48–1.98 × 10?9 substitutions/site/year). Concomitantly, maximum‐likelihood‐based selection analyses revealed that the ubiquitously expressed CaMKIV is constrained by intense purifying selection and, therefore, remained functionally highly conserved throughout the mammalian evolution, whereas the testis‐specific CaS gene is under strong positive selection. The substitution rates of different mammalian lineages within both genes are positively correlated with GC content, indicating the possible influence of GC‐biased gene conversion on the estimated substitution rates. The observation of such unusually high GC content of the CaS gene (≈74%), particularly in the lineage that comprises the bovine species, suggests the possible role of GC‐biased gene conversion in the evolution of CaS that mimics positive selection.  相似文献   
3.
The environmental conditions to which juvenile barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) were exposed during growth were found to affect their body size at fledging as well as their final adult body size. Small juveniles showed compensatory growth from the time of fledging up to one year of age, but this did not fully compensate the differences in body size that were established before fledging. The variation in protein content in plants eaten during growth could probably explain the observed body size differences, sometimes of more than 10%, between different categories of adult geese. Our results imply that one cannot infer selection on morphological characters from differences between samples of adult birds from different localities or from different cohorts within a population, without first showing that environmental conditions during growth do not affect the development of the characters under study.  相似文献   
4.
作者在内蒙科尔沁草原实验观察了绵羊体内62日龄及三年龄的土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫雌雄虫。三年龄虫体变小,大多数雄虫的睾丸内质呈不同程度空泡伏,部分雌虫的卵巢和卵黄腺萎缩或消失,体形变异。实验羊粪便的虫卵孵化率逐年下降,粪便散入水中后连续4—5天有毛蚴孵出,毛蚴数最多的是在次日上午,随后每天上午有一递减的小高峰,下午极少、夜间消失。  相似文献   
5.
6.
This article concerns seasonal variations in the phosphate concentrations in two coastal lagoons near Montpellier (Mediterranean coast, France). The o-P concentration in the overlying water is highest during summer. The role of the sediment, particularly that of the different P fractions in the sediment, is discussed. Significant variations, especially in the FeOOH ≈ P fraction, occur. For both Tot-Psed and the Fe00H≈P fraction a gradient from surface to bottom is observed, as well as a distinct decrease in the FeOOH≈P fraction in the surface sediments during summer and autumn. Variations in the FeOOH≈P fraction appear to be compensated by variations in the CaC03≈P fraction. These variations appear to be determined by the ferric hydroxide concentration. This compound represents only a small part (maximally 15%) of the total iron in the sediments and is related to the dissolved oxygen content of the immediately overlying water. Besides the fractions o-P, Fe(OOH)≈P, a large part of the CaC03≈P fraction is potentially bioavailable. A large proportion of the Tot-Psed is therefore bioavailable.[/p]  相似文献   
7.
This paper deal with a model of optimal foraging in a habitat with arbitrary food distribution. It takes into account an arbitrary risk cost related to the distance to the animal's nest. Food acquisition and risk cost are accounted for in common units of fitness. The resulting problem is solved in the context of Calculus of Variations. The optimal duration of absence from the nest and the optimal spatial allocation of foraging time are obtained: the optimal strategy leads to separate the habitat into a region to exploit and a region to ignore. The definition of these two distinct regions depends on the relative importance of risk and food availability. With realistic risk costs, the resulting strategy indicates a highly selective behaviour when far from the nest, as observed in field studies. The model is also extended to take account of the need of returning to the nest to guard it or to feed the young.  相似文献   
8.
Allometric trends in the degree of sexual dimorphism with body size have long fascinated evolutionary biologists. Many male-biased clades display more prominent sexual dimorphism in larger taxa (Rensch's rule), with most examples documenting this pattern for body size dimorphism. Although sexual dimorphism in traits other than body size is equally functionally relevant, characterizing allometric patterns of sexual dimorphism in such traits is hampered by lack of an analytical framework that can accommodate multivariate phenotypes. In this article, we derive a multivariate equivalency for investigating trends in sexual dimorphism—relative to overall body size—across taxa and provide a generalized test to determine whether such allometric patterns correspond with Rensch's rule. For univariate linear traits such as body size, our approach yields equivalent results to those from standard procedures, but our test is also capable of detecting trends in multivariate datasets such as shape. Computer simulations reveal that the method displays appropriate statistical properties, and an empirical example in Mediterranean lizards provides the first demonstration of Rensch's rule in a multivariate phenotype (head shape). Our generalized procedure substantially extends the analytical toolkit for investigating macroevolutionary patterns of sexual dimorphism and seeking a better understanding of the processes that underlie them.  相似文献   
9.
《植物生态学报》2018,42(7):752
为了明确我国枫香树(Liquidambar formosana)种子与果实表型变异程度和变异规律, 采用方差分析、相关分析和回归分析等方法对36个天然种群枫香树的10个种子与果实的表型性状在种群间和种群内表型变异和地理变异模式进行探讨。研究结果表明, 枫香树平均表型分化系数为57.55%, 种群间的变异是其表型变异的主要来源; 种子和果实表型性状的变异丰富, 变异幅度为10.05%-24.31%, 平均变异系数为15.83%; 不同种群间变异差别明显, 安福种群平均变异系数最大(16.73%), 建阳种群平均变异系数最小(11.48%)。枫香树多数种子与果实表型性状在地理变化上是随机的, 地理相近种群在表型上没有显著相关性。地理气候因子中1月平均气温、海拔和纬度对种子与果实性状起主要的影响。种子与果实性状与海拔相关分析表明, 枫香树种子长宽比随海拔的升高而减小, 种子长宽比可以推测种群所在的海拔高度。探讨枫香树种群表型多样性, 可为野生优异种质的收集、多目标品种选育等工作提供依据。  相似文献   
10.
大别山区黑沟绿太阳鱼种群的形态特征研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
绿太阳鱼是2015年4月在大别山区淠河流域支流中新发现的入侵鱼类。利用2015年7月从黑沟中采集的78尾绿太阳鱼标本,对该物种的形态特征进行了详细测量和分析。结果发现绿太阳鱼种群内的形态相似性较高,但还存在一定的形态差异。相比性别,年龄是造成这种形态差异的主要原因。雄性从Ⅰ龄开始出现显著的形态分化,而雌性差异并不显著。这种形态学的差异完全符合雄鱼筑巢护卵的习性,具体表现在雄鱼头部指标(D1-2、D2-3、眼间距、眼后头长、头长)、臀鳍附近指标(D5-7、D5-8)、背鳍基部指标(D6-8)和尾柄处指标(D9-10)增大。同时相比Ⅰ龄以上的雄鱼,雌鱼和0龄雄鱼的尾柄指标(D8-10、D8-9)较长,身体更适于流水环境。这种雌雄体型上的变化,将有助于雄鱼占领溪流环境中的静水区(深潭),而雌鱼和0龄鱼占领流水区(急滩、湍流),这为该种群适应山区溪流的水文环境,合理分配生态位提供了便利条件,同时也使其对大别山区其他鱼类具有较大的生态危害潜力。  相似文献   
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