Morphological observation and characterization of the Pseudoregma bambucicola with the scanning electron microscope

Both leica microscopic camera system and scanning electron microscopy was used to observe and characterize the feet, back, abdomen, antennae and mouthparts of the Pseudoregma bambucicola from the bamboo, Bambusa multiplex. The possible functions of all the external morphological characteristics of the P. bambucicola were described and discussed in detail, which offers a basis for further enriching the biology, phylogeny and ecological niche of the P. bambucicola. Moreover, the morphological results should contribute to morphological identification and differentiation of the P. bambucicola from other aphids in the same family.     

Both facilitation and limiting similarity shape the species coexistence in dry alkali grasslands

Facilitation is an important driver of community assembly, and often overwhelms the effect of competition in stressed habitats. Thus, net effect of biotic interactions is often positive in stressed grasslands, where dominant species and litter can protect the subordinate species. Besides facilitation, niche partitioning can also support species coexistence leading to limiting similarity between subordinate species. Our aim was to provide a detailed analysis of fine-scale biotic interactions in stressed alkali grasslands. We supposed, that there are positive relationships between the main biomass fractions and species richness. We expected the expansion of trait ranges and the increase of trait dissimilarity with increasing biomass scores (total litter, green biomass of dominant species) and species richness. We studied the relationships between main biomass fractions, species richness, functional diversity and functional trait indices (ranges, weighted means and Rao indices). We used fine-scale biomass sampling in nine stands of dry alkali grasslands dominated by Festuca pseudovina. The detected relationships were always positive between the main biomass fractions (green biomass of dominant species, total litter and green biomass of subordinate species) and species richness. We found that the green biomass of dominant species and total litter increased ranges and dissimilarity of functional traits. Our results suggest that in dry alkali grasslands facilitation is crucial in shaping vegetation composition. The green biomass of dominant species and total litter increased the biomass production of subordinate species leading to overyielding. We found that mechanisms of facilitation and limiting similarity were jointly shaping the species coexistence in stressed grasslands, such as alkali grasslands.