Aggregating land use quantity and intensity to link water quality in upper catchment of Miyun Reservoir

Eutrophication resulting from nutrient enrichment decreases water quality and harms ecosystem structure and function, and its degree is significantly affected by land use in the catchment. Quantifying the relationship between eutrophication and land use can help effectively manage land use to improve water quality. Previous studies principally utilized land use quantity as an indicator to link water quality parameters, but these studies lacked insight into the impact of land use intensity. Taking the upper catchment of Miyun Reservoir as a case study, we developed a method of aggregating land use quantity and intensity to build a new land use indicator and tested its explanatory power on water quality. Six nutrient concentrations from 52 sub-watersheds covering the whole catchment were used to characterize the spatial distribution of eutrophication. Based on spatial techniques, empirical conversion coefficients, remote sensing data, and socio-economic statistical data, land use intensity was measured and mapped visually. The new land use indicator was calculated and linked to nutrient concentrations by Pearson correlation coefficients. Results demonstrated that our new indicator incorporating intensity information can quantify the different nutrient-exporting abilities of different land use areas. Compared to traditional indicators that only incorporate land use quantity, most Pearson correlation coefficients between the new indicator and water nutrient concentrations increased. This new information enhanced the explanatory power of land use on water nutrient concentrations, and so will be able to help us understand the impact of land use on water quality and guide decision making for better land use management.     

三峡库区水体中固氮微生物多样性及其影响因素

【目的】研究分析不同时空条件下三峡库区水体固氮微生物多样性,并探讨其与地球化学参数的相关性。【方法】采集三峡库区不同时间(三月份和六月份)和空间(干流与支流)的水体样品,对其进行地球化学参数分析,并通过构建克隆文库分析样品中固氮功能基因(nifH)的多样性进而探讨其与水体地化参数的相关关系。【结果】统计分析显示三峡库区水体固氮微生物α-多样性和群落组成具有时空差异。支流水体样品的固氮微生物α-多样性高于干流水体样品;六月水体样品的固氮微生物α-多样性高于三月水体样品。三峡库区三月水体样品中的固氮微生物群落以Proteobacteria (50.3%)和Firmicutes (40.0%)为主;六月水体样品的固氮微生物群落以Proteobacteria(48.4%)、Firmicutes(25.4%)和Cyanobacteria(19.0%)为主。Mantel检验结果显示:固氮微生物群落结构的差异与温度、pH和DIC等地球化学参数具有显著(P0.05)相关性,其中温度和pH的相关性系数最大。【结论】三峡库区固氮微生物的种群结构和多样性具有时空差异,影响三峡水库水体中固氮微生物群落结构与多样性的主要环境因素为温度和pH,同时浊度、DIC、氨氮也对库区水体固氮微生物群落结构和多样性有一定的影响。     

Assessing the Mutagenic Potential of Surface Sediments from Beijing Guanting Reservoir to Salmonella typhimurium

Mutagenicity of organic extracts from Beijing Guanting Reservoir sediments was investigated with TA98 and TA100 of Salmonella typhimurium. TA98 and TA100 were employed to detect frameshift mutation and base-pair substitution mutation, respectively. For TA100, no positive result was found, while TA98 was more sensitive and pro-mutagenic frameshift mutagens were mainly detected in sediments. Sediments from northern and southern Guanting Reservoir were at potential mutagenic risk. No mutagenicity was found in the sediments from the entrance of the tributaries, but strong mutagenicity was observed in the sediments from the outlet of the reservoir. Chemical analysis was also performed, and poor correlation was found between mutagenicity and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). However, significant positive correlation was found for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (r = 0.603–0.946), which showed that PAHs were dominated for the tested mutagenicity in the sediments. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) might induce mutagenicity or promote the mutagenicity of other substances.     

三峡水库运行期间原生动物群落的时空异质性

于2010年10月—2011年6月三峡水库正常运行周期内对库区干流原生动物进行调查,研究其空间分布及水库周期排蓄期间的变化。共检测到原生动物99种,蓄水后纤毛虫有增多的趋势。水库运行的不同阶段优势种不同,大致演变为:砂壳纤毛虫(蓄水期)—非砂壳类纤毛虫(高位运行期间)—有壳肉足虫(低位运行期间)。不同水域优势种也存在差异,从上游到下游特征指示种变化为:有壳肉足虫(变动回水区)—纤毛虫(湖泊区)。结果表明,三峡水库原生动物的分布具有明显的时空异质性(P0.05),影响原生动物时空分布的主要因素有透明度、温度、电导率和叶绿素a。原生动物平均密度为952.19个/L,平均生物量为8.14μg/L。蓄水期上游现存量高于下游,低位运行期间则低于下游。原生动物Marglef和Shannonn-Weiver多样性指数平均值分别为3.78和2.18,1月份最低,6月份最高。蓄水175 m后上游变动回水区原生动物具有较高的丰度。水库冬蓄夏排的运行模式模糊了河流本身的季节变化,使原生动物的种类和现存量更多的受水库水动力学的影响,使水体理化因子和水文特征呈现明显的时空差异,最终形成原生动物种群的时空异质性分布。     

长江三峡库区玉溪遗址的环境与人类活动的孢粉记录

对玉溪遗址剖面53个地层样品和附近山地的9个现代表土样品进行了孢粉分析,结果表明:玉溪文化时期(6 000a.BP—7 200a.BP)孢粉组合以乔灌木为主,草本次之,蕨类孢子含量较少。乔灌木中以松属、桦木属、栎属占绝对优势;草本中藜科、蒿属含量较高;蕨类孢子以凤尾蕨为主。孢粉谱反映了较为湿润的气候特征。表土孢粉以超代表性的松属占绝对优势,可能是植被群落演替过程中松属植物作为先锋种类表现在演替初级阶段具有明显生长优势的结果,表土孢粉组合基本与当地植被状况相吻合。本研究在14 C测年基础上结合其它代用指标发现在剖面上部第4—8层和下部淤泥层中Rb/Sr值较高且乔灌木花粉百分含量明显增加,可以解释为该段淤泥层为古洪水遗迹,洪水可能有利于对孢粉的富集。地层剖面中文化层与淤泥层呈现交互沉积,表明周期性的洪水事件影响到了人类活动的连续性。     

贵州高原红枫湖水库浮游植物功能分组及其时空分布特征

为了解贵州高原水源红枫湖水库的浮游植物功能类群及其时空分布特征,于2012年至2013年枯水期(11月)、平水期(4月)、丰水期(7月)对红枫湖浮游植物与水体进行分层采样分析。研究结果表明,水库浮游植物可分为25个功能群,其中S1、F、J、B、D、S2、Y、LM是红枫湖主要代表性功能群,而W1、A、W2、K、X3出现频率较低,主要功能群生境特征都适应于中富营养水体,S1适应于透明度较低、混合程度较高的中富营养水体,F适应于深层混合的中至富营养湖泊,J适应于混合的高富营养浅水水体,B对分层敏感适应于中营养水体;各采样点主要浮游植物功能群季节变化大体相同,枯水期、平水期各采样点功能群较少,丰水期功能群最为丰富;水温是影响红枫湖浮游植物功能类群分布变化的主要因子;浮游植物生长策略变化规律为:枯水期CR/R/S策略藻种→平水期R/CR/CS策略藻种→丰水期R/CR/CRS/C策略藻种,水体浮游植物优势功能群在物质供给、能量输入均较理想的条件下能充分生长,随着能量限制程度的增加而较其他类群更具耐受性;通过浮游植物功能群与水体环境相互关系可以得出:红枫湖水体处于中富营养状态。     

Modeling nutrients,oxygen and critical phosphorus loading in a shallow reservoir in China with a coupled water quality – Macrophytes model

Many macrophyte-dominated clear lakes switch to a phytoplankton-dominated turbid state when the lake becomes eutrophic. An existing Yuqiao Reservoir Water Quality Model (YRWQM) and the macrophyte submodel were coupled to simulate the effect of submerged macrophytes on nutrients and dissolve oxygen cycles in a shallow reservoir in China. The level of phosphorus loading in a transition from a clear to turbid state was addressed using the integrated model. The model runs from seedling establishment until dying out, from March 1 to July 18 in 2009. The simulations were performed for a contingent range of P loadings, starting from three different initial conditions. The results indicated that the integrated model improves accuracy of predictions compared to YRWQM. The concentrations of nutrients declined slightly during the macrophyte growth period in the reservoir and dissolved oxygen increased slightly. Although nutrient concentrations increased by submerged macrophyte release during the extinction period, the effect on the nutrients was less than that of transfer with nutrient-rich water. More released nutrients may enhance increases in substantial abundance. The critical phosphorus loading level during a switch from the clear to turbid state was estimated by these scenarios. The threshold for the switch is ∼6.1 mgP m⁻² d⁻¹ with an initial total phosphorus concentration of 160 μg l⁻¹. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the switch was also dependent on the initial total phosphorus concentration. These results suggest that the reservoir in a clear water state is at risk of a switch as nutrient levels are close to the critical levels.     

Design of the dike-pond system in the littoral zone of a tributary in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

The Three Gorges Dam is the greatest water control project in the world with the largest fresh water littoral zone. Emergence of the littoral zone during the growing season provides some plants with the opportunity to complete their growth cycle, but the fluctuating water level also brings about some environmental problems, such as soil erosion, water pollution, and biodiversity reduction. A series of cascading terraced ponds located in the littoral zone of a secondary branch of the Yangtze River at Laotudi Bay was designed to be a dike-pond system for resolving the environmental problems of this special littoral zone while also making use of resources in an eco-friendly manner. The design of the dike-pond system is described in detail in this article, and some monitoring protocols are recommended for evaluating the environmental benefits of the system. The economic value of the dike-ponds was estimated to be about ¥125,986. Due to the ecological management mode adopted, 14 species of wild aquatic plants and 6 species of wading birds were found in the dike-pond system, in contrast to 9 species of wild aquatic plants and 3 species of wading birds in a comparable conventional farming area. It is hoped that dike-pond ecological engineering will be instrumental in reducing water pollution and increasing biodiversity in the littoral zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir.