澳门特别行政区园林绿化植物病虫害调查初报

对澳门主要区域园林绿化植物病虫害进行的初步调查,共采集到病害标本85份,昆虫标本315份,鉴定确认危害澳门园林植物的病害有64种,害虫77种;其中还发现属于检疫对象的椰心叶甲为害椰树。并对发生较普遍和严重的病虫害提出了一些防治措施和建议。     

A Bryophyte Flora of Wigtownahire

Abstract

Fissidens macaoensis L. Zhang is described as a new species from Macao, South China. The species can be separated from its congeners by a suite of characters, including (1) minute size; (2) subterraneous tubers, composed of one to several cells, growing laterally from mature rhizoids; (3) abundant rhizoidal gemmae found on the surface of the soil and which are developed from subterraneous rhizoids; and (4) relatively large cells of the leaf lamina. This is the first report of a moss where two types of vegetative diaspores occur simultaneously in a single individual. Their adaptation strategy is briefly addressed.     

澳门翼手目物种多样性补充调查及其保护现状

<正>翼手目为哺乳动物中的第二大目,中国的翼手目多样性也在不断更新,Smith和解焱(2009)统计中国翼手目118种,蒋志刚等(2015)则认为中国翼手目有7科34属134种。广东省翼手目有6科24属55种(邹发生和叶冠锋,2016),此后也仍陆续有新纪录,如长指鼠耳蝠(Myotis longipes)(张琴等,2017)、卡氏伏翼(Hypsugo cadornae)(Xie et al., 2021);我们前期对澳门翼手目的调查,发现5科8属10种(黄继展等,2013)。     

澳门城市生态系统格局变化研究

澳门回归祖国近20年间,社会经济快速发展、填海造地工程加速推进、海岸带人口不断集聚,生态系统格局发生巨大变化。以2001年和2017年两期高分辨率遥感影像数据为基础,首先分析土地利用转移矩阵及重心转移状况;然后,通过粒度上推法确定最佳分析粒度,并利用移动窗口法研究澳门城市生态系统格局时空变化;最后,结合实地调研情况,对研究发现展开讨论。研究结果表明:(1)澳门城市总面积由26.19 km2增加到32.77 km2,增长率为25.12%,其中裸地和建设用地扩张显著;(2)澳门城市生态系统受人为干扰作用显著,城市景观破碎度增加、多样性降低,景观形状趋于复杂、不规则,城市生境质量存在下降风险;(3)澳门半岛和离岛各景观组分和空间构型差异性显著,优势景观分别为建设用地和有林地;(4)澳门半岛主要填海方式为离岛围填,而离岛区域则为海滨围填。     

Environmental risk assessment of the municipal solid waste in a city-state: A case study of Macao

The article is the evaluation in the practice of risk assessment for city-states. The Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model was applied to the establishment of an environmental risk assessment indicator system. Environmental risk index (ERI) and each subsystem index were calculated through an analytic hierarchy process. It takes the municipal solid waste (MSW) in Macao as a case study to execute. The risk grading and the potential risk for the MSW in Macao were determined. The results showed that the ERI of the Macao's MSW remained at a medium level (Level III, 0.4–0.6) from 2000 to 2015, respectively, and increased gradually. Meanwhile, the future trend of the environmental risk of the MSW was predicted for Macao and the causes were analyzed. The environmental risk of the MSW in 2019 will achieve a high level (Level IV, 0.6–0.8), and the environment risk in 2041 will achieve an extremely high level (>0.8). For the first time, the research applied to the PSR model into the environmental risk assessment of MSW, this method is reasonable and feasible. Further research can provide a scientific basis for risk prevention management in city-states and can be of reference for other urbanized areas.     

Water footprint assessment for service sector: A case study of gaming industry in water scarce Macao

Although numerous studies have been carried out to investigate the water footprint of different economies at global, national and regional scales, the research on water footprint of individual economic sector, which is the elementary part of each economy, is still lacking. To fill the gap, this paper for the first time employs a hybrid method to evaluate the water footprint of gaming industry in water scarce Macao, based on the latest statistics and most exhaustive embodied water intensity databases. The results show that direct water use only accounts for extremely small fraction of the gaming industry's water footprint, indicating that the exchange of water embodied in product and service between different sectors is also a useful mean to satisfy individual sector's demand for water resources. As Macao's demand for water is growing, integrated plans including economic instruments and measures like reducing the scale of commission input and promoting efficiency would ease Macao's water pressure. Water footprint assessment in this study brings along new perspectives on gaming industry's water management and encourages wise use of goods, materials and services in a sustainable way.     

澳门九澳山海滨群落10种植物盛花期物候对极端气候事件的响应

为探究极端气候事件对植物的影响,对澳门九澳山海滨群落10种植物2012-2017年盛花期物候进行了观察。结果表明,植物的盛花期一般在3-9月,其中有4种植物为5月。2013和2016年早春澳门的极端强降水使植物的盛花期出现了明显的提前或者推迟。9种植物的盛花期与盛花期前0～2个月和上一年的秋冬季的月均温度或月降水存在显著相关性。温度和降水对植物盛花期的影响差异不大,但晚花植物对降水更加敏感。这为澳门和邻近岛屿的生态恢复和园林树种选材提供参考。     

城市生态保护红线划定与管理——以澳门特别行政区为例

我国澳门特别行政区是世界上人口密度最高的地区之一,人地关系紧张。随着城市和经济的发展,人类空间与生态空间失调,城市生态和人居环境问题不断加剧。在建设美丽湾区、美丽澳门和人们对美好人居环境需求的背景下,通过划定城市生态保护红线以控制和维持现有重要功能生态空间,保护和改善高敏感生态空间,维护区域生态安全显得尤为重要。基于对澳门陆域生态系统调查,结合城市和自然资源特征,从生态系统服务功能、生态系统敏感性、生物多样性分布以及现有生态保护区四个方面构建了城市生态保护红线划定方法框架,选取并评估水源涵养、雨洪调节、热岛调节、土壤保持、海岸带防护五类调节服务和生态系统服务中的休闲游憩的空间格局,水土流失敏感性和海岸带风暴潮敏感性两种生态敏感性的分布,并综合澳门具有保育价值生物的栖息地分布和现有保护区范围进行了城市生态保护红线的划定。研究结果显示,澳门城市生态保护红线区域总面积6.71km²,占研究区面积的19.79%,覆盖了44%的生态空间、12.4%的海岸线、所有的重要物种栖息地及三分之一的古树名木。依照此生态保护红线研究进一步提出针对各类红线地块的保护和管理措施。研究提出的城市生态保护红线划定思路,可以为其他城市的重要生态空间保护、修复与管理提供参考。     

黑脸琵鹭在澳门的越冬分布和人为干扰影响

澳门路凼连贯公路西侧的湿地保护区是黑脸琵鹭(Platalea minor)重要的越冬地之一,每年的越冬数量稳定增长。2007～2009年度2个冬季的调查结果显示,黑脸琵鹭每年11月初至次年4月底在澳门越冬,12月至翌年2月份种群数量达到最大,超过50只。其中人工湿地是黑脸琵鹭主要的休息场所,沿岸滩涂是其重要觅食地。黑脸琵鹭昼间栖息行为以休息为主,其次是护理行为。栖息地周边主要人为干扰为噪声污染,但噪声水平较低,经噪声预测模型计算出传播至黑脸琵鹭停歇处的噪声水平为45.4dB(A)及46.5dB(A),低于鸟类耐受阈值,警觉受惊行为多数由大型牵引车和直升飞机引起。随着保护区周边地区的开发,车流量将进一步增加,建议加强保护区的科学管理,控制周边交通干线的车流量,并调整直升飞机飞行路线,尽量绕行保护区上空,以减少对黑脸琵鹭栖息的干扰。     

植被生态系统恢复及其在华南的研究进展

介绍了恢复生态学常用的理论,并指出恢复生态学研究大多涉及植被生态系统恢复。植被恢复的目标就是要恢复植被的合理结构、功能和动态过程,从而为人类提供生态系统服务。植被恢复可以把区域的地带性植被生态系统作为参考生态系统,但目前的植被恢复工作绝大部分只是恢复了植被生态系统的部分组成、结构和功能。植被生态系统恢复研究主要从退化的原因与过程、恢复的过程与机理,以及从生境恢复、种群恢复、群落恢复、生态系统和景观恢复等不同尺度上的恢复开展。在介绍华南地区的植被生态系统现存问题的基础上,对华南地区开展的植被生态系统恢复,尤其是华南植物研究所(园)开展的植被生态系统恢复研究进行了介绍。最后,提出了华南地区植被生态系统恢复的方向及发展趋势。