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1.
Summary The opioidergic, sympathetic and neuropeptide Y-positive innervation of the sphincter of Oddi (common bile duct sphincter and pancreatic duct sphincter), as well as other segments of the extrahepatic biliary tree was studied in the monkey by use of immunohistochemistry. Methionine-enkephalin-positive nerves were seen to innervate the smooth muscle of all portions of the sphincter of Oddi and also local ganglion cells. No methionine-enkephalin-positive nerves could be detected in the common bile duct, pancreatic duct or gallbladder. Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive nerves occurred between smooth muscle bundles and also ran to local ganglion cells as well as along the common bile duct. Neuropeptide Y-positive nerves were observed within smooth muscle of the sphincter of Oddi (all portions), common bile duct, pancreatic duct and gallbladder. No evidence of any differential innervation of the pancreatic duct and common bile duct sphincters could be detected with these markers.  相似文献   
2.
Based on a sample of 237 live births recorded over a period of 30 years, a tendency for longer interbirth intervals following the birth of daughters than sons was recognized, in the provisioned Arashiyama troop of Japanese macaques. This may indicate that female infants were more costly to produce than male infants. This tendency seemed to be independent of a mother’s rank.  相似文献   
3.
临时配偶关系指多雌多雄灵长类群体中的一只成年雄性连续跟随一只成年发情期/性接受期的雌性形成的异性关系,在季节性繁殖物种的交配季节表现的尤为明显,是雄性个体提高交配成功的策略之一。为了探讨能量消耗对这种行为的约束,本研究于2017年8月至2018年1月,以栖息于安徽黄山的短尾猴鱼鳞坑A1群(YA1群)的8~10只成年雄性为研究对象,采用目标动物取样法、行为取样法以及全事件记录法采集成年雄性自然发生的行为数据。通过分析移动时间、觅食时间和交配频次等行为指标,同时测定作为个体能量状态生理指标的尿液C-肽浓度(Urinary C-peptide , UCP),从行为和生理两个方面研究雄性短尾猴维持临时配偶关系的适应性特征。研究期间,在临时配偶期内,雄性的移动时间无显著变化,但觅食时间和交配频率显著增加;在临时配偶期内,当存在雄性竞争者时,雄性的觅食时间显著减少;临时配偶关系对雄性的UCP水平无显著影响。结果表明,雄性短尾猴在临时配偶期内可能会根据能量消耗的情况以及守护雌性周围的社会环境对自身行为进行调整,以减少其在临时配偶期内的能量投资,提高自身维持临时配偶关系的行为适应性。  相似文献   
4.
Summary Inhibin-like immunoreactivity was detected by immunocytochemistry in the pituitaries of untreated male crab-eating macaques (cynomolgus monkey) and rhesus monkeys, in rhesus monkeys actively immunized against FSH, and in one orchidectomized crab-cating macaque. Localizations were performed by the immunogold-silver staining with 5-nm colloidal gold-conjugated second or third antibodies and by the alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline-phosphatase technique. Two different inhibin-specific antisera, raised against the -subunit or the entire inhibin molecule, provided identical staining patterns. Positive label was confined to the pars distalis of the pituitary and occurred exclusively in the cytoplasm of morphologically different cell types throughout the pars distalis in all pituitaries. Staining was most prominent in clusters of chromophobic cells. The presence of inhibin-like activity in the pituitary of an orchidectomized monkey with undetectable serum inhibin levels suggests that inhibin is produced within the pituitary gland. Co-localization studies for the -subunits of the gonadotropic hormones revealed that on average 82% of the gonadotropes were bihormonal. Using the same protocol, co-localization of inhibin-like activity with gonadotropin-like immunoreactivity revealed only a small degree of common distribution (<15%). Inhibinpositive cells were frequently in close proximity to gonadotropic cells and, thus, paracrine effects of inhibin on gonadotropin-synthesizing cells are conceivable.  相似文献   
5.
Eighty-two percent of a group of rhesus monkeys removed from Cayo Santiago were seropositive for B virus (Herpesvirus simiae) antibodies. Similar results were obtained from the Cayo Santiago macaque population two decades ago and from feral Indian rhesus monkeys. Thus it is likely that B virus has been enzootic in the Cayo Santiago population since 1938, when the colony was established with stock imported from India.  相似文献   
6.
The vocal behavior of threat calls was investigated in a captive group of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata). The vocalizations were heard most often when they undertook winner-support during triadic agonistic interactions. The likelihood of call emission in support of the winner was affected by the attributes of the participants, and not by the types of agonistic behavior. The calls were emitted by intermediate ranking animals frequently in support of high ranking animals and in support of females. The calling behavior of winner-supporters appears to advertise the partner and distant group members of their support for reciprocation in the near future.  相似文献   
7.
Most surrogate-reared long-tailed macaques persistently avoid a big novel object, whereas most mother-reared subjects approach it. A striking difference between these attachment figures is that the mothers moved about with their infants, whereas the surrogates were fixed to the wall In this experiment, we aimed to find out whether mobility of the attachment figure plays a part in the development of an infant’s responses to big novel objects. We studied the effects of mobility of the attachment figure by restraining mothers in their range of action. We confined mothers of the experimental group in a small part of the home cage. Their infants could leave the cage in which their mothers were restrained. Infants that were growing up with unrestrained mothers made up the control group. At two different ages all infants encountered a big novel object. We used two different objects. We found that the range of action of the mother did not significantly affect the responses of infants to big novel objects. As in the previous studies, most of the mother-reared monkeys approached the objects. The age at which an infant was first exposed to an object did not significantly affect its behavior toward it. Further, the two different objects evoked the same reactions.  相似文献   
8.
This study documents age-related changes in the interactions of wild-born cynomolgus macaque mothers and their infants living in individual cages during the first 14 weeks of infant life. Body contact between mother and infant, maternal holding, and infant sucking were found to decrease, and the mothers showed an increased frequency of aggression toward their infants with age. These results were broadly similar to those reported for mother-infant interactions in other macaques living in social groups. Nevertheless, a clear difference between the present cynomolgus macaques and other macaques in social groups was apparent. The cynomolgus macaque mothers tended to permit their infants to move about freely without displaying maternal protectiveness such as restraint or retrieval, unlike other macaque mothers in social groups. Such maternal behaviors might derive from the experience of living in individual cages for many years and the relative safety of living in individual cages. The lack of maternal restraint and retrieval could be responsible for the observed sex differences in behavior: male infants moved more actively, and broke, and made contact with their mothers more frequently than did female infants. Moreover, mothers of female infants held and groomed them more frequently and were less aggressive toward them.  相似文献   
9.
Fifteen female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto), ranging in age from 8 to 34 years, were studied for one year to characterize the endocrine and menstrual changes associated with menopause in this species. Five monkeys were premenopausal; these younger monkeys, ages 8–11 years, menstruated and showed cyclic ovarian activity during the 12–month study period, as evidenced by menses and periodic elevations of serum estradiol (E2) and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. Four females, ages 24–26 years, were in transition to menopause. Two of these perimenopausal females menstruated and secreted E2 and LH in a periodic fashion; the other two females showed elevated LH concentrations, consistently low E2 levels, and no evidence of menstruation. Six females, ages 27–34 years, were clearly postmenopausal; LH concentrations were high, whereas E2 concentrations were uniformly low. There was a significant inverse correlation between basal E2 concentrations and age, and a significant positive correlation between age and LH concentrations across all 15 animals. Hormonal changes indicative of ovulation, when they occurred, were generally restricted to the winter and early spring months. Histological analysis of ovaries from four postmenopausal females revealed little or no evidence of active folliculogenesis. These data indicate that menopause in female rhesus monkeys does not occur until the second half of thethird decade of life. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.  相似文献   
10.
Members of the monkey speciesMacaca nigra spontaneously develop impairments in insulin secretion and glucose clearance, and eventually become overtly diabetic. Changes in certain metabolic signals such as clearance of glucose and insulin increment secreted in an intravenous glucose tolerance test have allowed the identification of four stages in the progression from non-diabetes to diabetes in monkeys — non-diabetic, hormonally impaired, borderline diabetic, and diabetic. Recently, another metabolic stage, hyperinsulinemic, was also identified in these animals. In recent years, other factors besides those listed above have been implicated to be correlated with the metabolic progression from a nondiabetic to a diabetic state. One of these factors, is insulin like growth factor I (IGF-I). In diabetic humans who are in poor metabolic control, and in rats with streptozotocin induced ketotic diabetes, serum levels of IGF-I are lowered by as much as 40–50% of control non-diabetics. If indeed decreased IGF-I levels are correlated with the onset of diabetes then changes in IGF-I concentrations prior to the clinically diagnosed disease state would be expected. Using serum samples collected from different animals in a colony ofMacaca nigra in a variety of metabolic states, we have found that IGF-I and insulin levels decrease in each defined metabolic state as the animals progress from nondiabetic to diabetic. Since IGF-I and insulin levels decrease in a similar fashion in the progression of this disease then this maybe indicative of the coordinate expression of these two factors.  相似文献   
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