黄土高原雨水集聚深层入渗(RWCI)系统下山地果园土壤水分时空变异特征

水资源短缺是影响黄土高原雨养农业发展的关键性因素,雨水资源开发是缓解该地区水资源短缺的有效措施.本研究利用管式 TDR 系统监测21年红富士老果园0～300 cm土层土壤含水率变化,分析了雨水集聚深层入渗(RWCI)系统下黄土高原旱作山地果园土壤水分时空分布特征.结果表明: RWCI系统能够显著增加果园土壤含水率,特别是40～80 cm土层(土壤含水率低值区)土壤含水率,在该区域,不同设计深度(40、60和80 cm)RWCI处理(RWCI₄₀、RWCI₆₀和RWCI₈₀)年均土壤含水率分别较鱼鳞坑(CK)处理提高75.3%、85.4%和62.4%,分别较裸露坡地(BS)处理提高39.2%、47.2%和29.1%.RWCI₄₀、RWCI₆₀和RWCI₈₀处理土壤水分入渗最大深度分别为80、120和180 cm,显著深于CK处理(60 cm),其中土壤水分变化幅度最大的土层分别主要发生在0～60、0～100和0～120 cm.在果树整个生育期内,RWCI处理土壤平均含水率(0～300 cm)以RWCI₈₀处理最大,其次是RWCI₄₀和RWCI₆₀处理.总体来看,RWCI系统是黄土高原实现雨水资源化和农业高效用水的有效措施.     

基于叶绿体DNA trnL-F序列研究肋果沙棘的谱系地理学

由于青藏高原的地理效应,第四纪冰期气候的反复变化应对现今该地区生物的地理分布及其居群遗传结构产生重大影响。肋果沙棘Hippophae neurocarpa是青藏高原地区的一个特有种,根据叶上的附属物（星状鳞毛或者鳞片状鳞毛）分为两个亚种：肋果沙棘亚种subsp.neurocarpa和密毛肋果沙棘亚种subsp.stellatopilosa。依据母系遗传的叶绿体DNA片段对该物种谱系地理学进行研究不仅能阐明该物种冰期避难所,而且对于理解两个亚种的母系分化也具有重要意义。共对两个亚种14居群的70个个体的trnL-F序列进行了测序,共发现8种单倍型,其中5种单倍型出现在肋果沙棘亚种中,4种出现在密毛肋果沙棘亚种中,两个亚种共享一种单倍型。种内谱系分化与两个亚种形态上的分化不一致。嵌套进化分支把8种单倍型分为三支：一支为肋果沙棘亚种,其他两支中两个亚种单倍型嵌套组成,且肋果沙棘亚种处于进化末端。我们的研究结果还表明肋果沙棘在冰期可能在高海拔地区存在多个避难所,并且存在来自避难所的邻域扩张。     

生境适宜度指数模型研究进展

生境适宜度指数(habitat suitability index,HSI)模型作为一种生境评价方法,在土地管理规划和评估中得到大量应用.本文总结了HSI模型在野生动物生境评价中的开发及应用,重点介绍了利用3S技术进行HSI建模及与其他模型耦合进行生境评价的现状;阐述了利用多种统计方法对HSI模型的评估和验证;探讨了HSI模型在主观性和非通用性等方面存在的问题和局限性,最后,就HSI模型在野生动物生境评价中的发展前景进行了展望.     

Soil Anti-Scouribility Enhanced by Plant Roots

The magnitude of soil anti-scouribility depends on the physical condition of the soil. Plant roots can greatly enhance soil stability and anti-erodibility. A scouring experiment of undisturbed soil was conducted to investigate the effects of roots on soil anti-scouribility and its distribution in the soil profile. At the end of each erosion test, plant roots were collected from soil samples and root surface area was calculated by means of a computer image analysis system (CIAS). Root surface area density (RSAD), the surface area of the roots per unit of soil volume, was related to soil anti-scouribility. More than 83% of root surface area was concentrated in the 0 - 30 cm soil layer. Soil anti-scouribility increased with an increase in RSAD and the value of intensified soil anti-scouribility (△AS) can be expressed by exponential equations, depending on the plant species. These equations were △AS = 9.578 6 RSAD0.8321 (R2 = 0.951) for afforested Pinus tabulaeformis Cart., △AS = 7.808 7 RSAD0.7894 (R2 = 0.974) for afforested Robinia pseudoacacia L., and △AS = 9.256 6 RSAD0.8707 (R2 = 0.899) for Bothriochloa ischemum L.     

黄土高原子午岭大披针苔草能量与养分特征

对黄土高原子午岭林区不同植被群落的优势伴生种--大披针苔草的能量和养分特征进行了研究.结果表明:随着演替的进展,处于不同演替阶段群落的大披针苔草地上部分和地下部分去灰分热值呈下降趋势.狼牙刺群落的大披针苔草地上部分去灰分热值最高,沙棘群落的最低; 狼牙刺群落的大披针苔草地下部分去灰分热值最高, 辽东栎群落的最低.不同群落大披针苔草地上部分热值均明显高于地下部分, 且不同群落大披针苔草地下部分干质量热值和去灰分热值均呈极显著差异.处于演替早期的各群落(狼牙刺、沙棘、山杨和白桦群落)内的大披针苔草热值差异较大,而演替后期的油松和辽东栎群落的大披针苔草热值差异较小.大披针苔草地下部分干质量热值与C/N呈显著正相关关系.     

阿拉善高原2种荒漠植物根系构型及生态适应性特征

根系构型决定了植物对资源的吸收方式，根系构型的变化是植物对环境的生态适应和有效生存策略。在阿拉善高原西南缘红砂（Reaumuria soongarica）-珍珠猪毛菜（Salsola passerina）混生群落采用传统挖掘法收集两种植物根系，基于量化的根系形态指标，利用几何拓扑学及分形理论分析了根系构型特征，探讨了该地区2种植物对干旱生境的生态适应策略。结果表明：红砂和珍珠猪毛菜根系均以水平分布占优，根系浅层化分布明显，混生的两种植物占据不同的生态位；2种荒漠植物均具有较大的比根长（SRL）和比表面积（SRA），红砂SRL=21.3 cm/g，SRA=7.6 cm²/g，珍珠SRL=22.4 cm/g，SRA=6.5 cm²/g，有利于水分和养分的获取；红砂根系拓扑指数（TI）、修正拓扑参数（q_a和q_b）分别为0.86、0.52、0.49，珍珠猪毛菜对应参数分别为0.93、0.76、0.73，表明2种植物根系均趋向于鱼尾形分支结构；根系分形维数值（FD_红=1.488、FD_珍=1.422）较小，而分形丰度值（lgK_红=1.855、lgK_珍=1.774）较大，表明2种植物分支相对简单，但空间拓展能力强，有利于对营养空间的占有。上述特征可能是阿拉善西南缘红砂-珍珠猪毛菜群落2种荒漠植物植物对干旱贫瘠生境的重要生态适应策略。     

Evaluating the role of livelihood assets in suitable livelihood strategies: Protocol for anti-poverty policy in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau,China

Although numerous studies have been conducted on the relationship between livelihood assets and strategies, only a few quantitative studies exist on the topic for anti-poverty policies with regard to the Tibetan Plateau. This study investigated 357 households in the upper reaches of the Dadu River watershed in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, China, using the participatory rural appraisal method. Then, applying a multinomial logistic regression model, we quantitatively analyzed the relationship between livelihood assets and livelihood strategies, the findings of which have implications for local agricultural policy interventions. The preliminary results indicate that of the four classifications of livelihood strategies used in this study, the main livelihood strategy is that of the non-farming-dependent household type (i.e., Type III in our study) that combines agricultural and non-farm activities or practices self-employment for wages. There are significant differences in the livelihood assets owned by households with different livelihood strategies. Human, natural, and financial assets have significant influences on livelihood strategies, and the choice of livelihood strategy varies by livelihood assets. Further, with improvements in household labor capacity and cash income per capita, the livelihood strategies of non-agricultural and non-farming households may shift away from agriculture, while an increase in farmland cultivated per capita, cash income per capita, and household labor capacity may encourage households to adopt agriculture-dependent livelihood strategies. These findings contribute to research on livelihood and related development strategies and anti-poverty policies in not only the Eastern Tibetan Plateau but also other regions with similar livelihood strategies.     

Changes in landscape pattern of alpine wetlands on the Zoige Plateau in the past four decades

Based on RS, GIS and Apack software, the indices of landscape pattern such as landscape area index, landscape diversity index and landscape fragmentation index were chosen in order to describe changes in the spatial pattern of alpine wetland landscape on the Zoige Plateau during 1966–2000. Results showed that alpine wetland landscape was characteristic of marsh wetlands, which had the biggest patch number and the largest area. The alpine wetland landscape had higher spatial heterogeneity. The largest area appeared in Zoige County with the highest wetland ratio; comparatively, Aba County and Luqu County had much lower wetland ratio. The total area of alpine wetland landscape decreased rapidly during 1966–1986, but it began to increase after 1986. The wetland landscape area shrank by 59857.83 hm² during 1966–2000. The alpine wetland landscape showed the characteristics of concentrated distribution in the past four decades, with higher convergence and dominance indices. The centroid of wetland landscape moved 12.54 km in the northwest direction firstly, 11.33 km in the southeast direction, and then 1.1 km in the north direction.