A new infrafamilial taxonomic setting for Liliaceae,with a key to genera and tribes

Based on currently available morphological, karyological, and phylogenetic information, a taxonomic setting of Liliaceae is provided. The family is here organized in 6 tribes, for a total of 15 genera and about 900 species. An identification key for tribes and genera is also provided.     

药用植物华重楼(黑药花科)叶绿体全基因组研究

为探究华重楼(Paris polyphylla var. chinensis)的叶绿体基因组特征,利用叶绿体系统发育基因组学方法,对华重楼与其它百合目植物的叶绿体全基因组进行了比较。结果表明,华重楼的叶绿体全基因组长158307 bp,由4个区组成,包括2个反向重复区(IRA和IRB,27473 bp)、1个小单拷贝区(SSC,18175 bp)和1个大单拷贝区(LSC,85187 bp)。其叶绿体基因组有115个基因,包括81个编码蛋白质基因、30个转运RNA基因和4 个核糖体RNA基因。11种百合目植物的叶绿体全基因组的基因组成和基因顺序相似。华重楼的cemA基因是假基因,其起始密码子后有多聚核苷酸poly(A)及CA双核苷酸重复序列,编码序列中出现多个终止密码子, 且与北重楼(Paris verticillata)的cemA编码序列中的终止密码子位置不同。因此,华重楼叶绿体基因组比较保守;cemA结构及假基因化现象可能具有重要的进化与系统发育信息,其编码序列中的终止密码子可以区分华重楼和北重楼。     

Potential novel hosts for the lily leaf beetle Lilioceris lilii Scopoli (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in eastern North America

Abstract.  1. Introduced insects often incorporate native plants into their diets and might be expected to show a predilection for novel hosts that are phylogenetically related to their normal hosts. The lily leaf beetle, Lilioceris lilii (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is an introduced pest of cultivated lilies. Oviposition behaviour, larval behaviour, and development of L. lilii was examined on a range of potential host plants, as well as on the normal host, Asiatic hybrid lilies Lilium sp.
2. Neonate larval feeding behaviour was quantified on 15 food plant species: 10 from the Liliales, three from the Asparagales and two eudicots. Larvae fed plants closely related to the genus Lilium were more likely to initiate feeding, less likely to abandon their food leaf, and consumed more leaf area.
3. In no-choice tests, females oviposited on the novel hosts Lilium philadelphicum , Medeola virginiana , Clintonia borealis , Streptopus amplexifolius , and Polygonatum biflorum ; however, all but L. philadelphicum received very few eggs. Non- Lilium novel hosts were not used for oviposition when presented along with Asiatic lilies in choice tests.
4. A single individual was reared to the adult stage on the novel host S. amplexifolius . Several larvae survived to the pupal stage on M. virginiana , although no adults emerged from those pupae. Larvae reared on the native wood lily L. philadelphicum performed equally well or better than on the Asiatic cultivar.
5. Our results indicate that the lily leaf beetle poses a threat to native Liliaceae. Several native Lilium species, including L. philadelphicum , are threatened or endangered in certain jurisdictions throughout their range; these species should be monitored closely for colonisation by the beetle.     

释百合科(广义)分类的沿革及对我国今后研究的展望

本文试图阐明近60年来一些作者对广义百合科所作的重大变革。广义百合科分类的变革不能不涉及其近缘科的分类,因此我们以Engler＆Prantl(1930)的Liliiflorae目中的族作为基本单位,列表以明Hutchinson(1934)、Dahlgren et al．(1985,包括G．Dahlgren,989)、Takhtajan(1987)和Thorne(1992)各系统所作不同的处理。作者对Hutchinson的观点和其采用的分类特征作了较详细的介绍,因为他可能是对广义百合科作重大变革的第一个作者,而对Dahlgen et al.、Takhtajan和Thorne系统的介绍则较为简略。本文还讨论了科级范围大小的利弊,不同意有些作者仅仅将亚科或卫星类群都提升为科的作法。假如这种提升之后仍如原先的科保留于同一类群之中,而不作系统上的改变,则意义不大。 本文对Hutchinson、Takhtajan和Dahlgren et al．(1985)的单子叶植物起源的假说也作了介绍。虽然Dahlgren et al．的见解未被大多数作者所接受,但他们的方法论值得注意。基于单子叶植物和双子叶植物的共性,他们假设出一个臆想的分类群,从这个臆想的分类群演进到一个单子叶植物祖先只需经过最少的步段。这样的一个单子叶植物祖先现在是不存在的,但最接近它的是现存的Trichopus(隶Trichopodaceae,Dioscordales)。Trichopus肯定不是单子叶植物和双子叶植物之间的一个直接联系的纽带,但它有许多特征可以在Annonales(隶lianae超目)中找到。因此,他们认为Dioscoreales是最不特化的单子叶植物,把它作为百合超目的第一个目,置于单子叶植物系统的最前位置。本文作者最后对今后我国开展广义百合科研究提出一些建议,其中以选择一些分布于北半球类群,如Lilium,Monocharis,Paris等等,作广泛研究(可从形态学、细胞学、分子系统学三个层次进行)最为现实,因为对它们取材比较容易。     

The questionable affinities of Corsia (Corsiaceae): evidence from floral anatomy and pollen morphology

The floral anatomy and pollen morphology of Corsia are described in the context of its systematic relationships. Flowers of Corsia are epigynous, lack septal nectaries and possess a large labellum formed from the outer median tepal (sepal). The labellum is highly vascularized and has a prominent outgrowth (callus) that is apparently nectiiferous in some species of section Sessilis , although not in section Unguiculatis . The six fertile stamens are proximally fused to the style, forming a gynostemium. This combination of labellum and gynostemium is otherwise found only in Orchidaceae (Asparagales), but the orchid labellum is formed from the opposite median inner tepal, and is therefore not homologous with that of Corsia . The three genera of Corsiaceae ( Corsia , Arachnitis and Corsiopsis ) are markedly different in some respects; e.g. only Corsia has a gynostemium. However, they share a unique synapomorphy in the presence of a labellum formed from the outer median tepal (sepal). Corsia and Arachnitis are also similar in pollen sexine sculpturing. Among other putative relatives, the range of morphological similarities between Corsia and Campynemataceae (Liliales) tends to support recent preliminary inferences from molecular data that they are closely related, but a relationship with Thismia (Dioscoreales) cannot be discounted. Both Campynemataceae and Thismia share similarities with Corsia , including epigyny, absence of septal nectaries, presence of tepal nectaries, and pollen morphology. © 2002 Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2002, 138 , 315–324.     

Veratrum album and V. nigrum (Melanthiaceae) in Italy: Micromorphology and systematics

ABSTRACT

Floral anatomy and pollen morphology of the two European species of Veratrum (V. nigrum and V. album subsp. lobelianum) from Italy are described in the context of the systematics of the genus and tribe Melanthieae (Melanthiaceae sensu stricto). Septal nectaries are absent, as in other Liliales. Most characters in Veratrum are typical of Melanthieae: e.g. semi-inferior ovaries, fused carpellary bundles and operculate pollen.     

Differential effects of historical migration,glaciations and human impact on the genetic structure and diversity of the mountain pasture weed Veratrum album L.

Aim Today’s genetic population structure and diversity of species can be understood as the result of range expansion from the area of origin, past climatic oscillations and contemporary processes. We examined the relative importance of these factors in Veratrum album L., a toxic weed of mountain grasslands. Location Continental Europe. Methods Forty populations from the Asian border (Urals and Caucasus) to Portugal were studied using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) combined with selected plant and population measures. The data were analysed with phylogenetic, population genetic and regression methods inferring both genetic structure and diversity from geographic and ecological factors. Results Fragment frequency clines together with genetic distance clustering and principal coordinates analysis indicated an east–west direction in the genetic structure of V. album, suggesting ancient migration into Europe from a proposed Asian origin. However, the strong geographic pattern in the genetic structure, pronounced isolation by distance (R² = 0.74) and moderate overall population differentiation (F_ST = 0.13) suggests high historical gene flow, possibly during glacials, and vicariance into mountainous regions during interglacials. Occurrence of V. album during the last glaciation in several areas along the periphery of the Alps and recolonization of this mountain range from both eastern and central–western areas was indicated. Genetic diversity was highest in central Europe, a pattern that did not agree with the expectations from east–west migration into Europe. Furthermore, managed habitats showed higher levels of genetic diversity compared to unmanaged habitats. Stepwise linear regression determined shoot density and soil phosphorus as the main predictors of within‐population genetic diversity (R² = 0.40). Main conclusions Our results showed that V. album retained genetic imprints of historical range expansion into Europe, although this was alleviated by the influence of climatic oscillations and contemporary processes. For example, genetic population structure was strongly affected by post‐glacial vicariance while patterns of genetic diversity seemed mainly to be influenced by human land use. Our findings highlight the importance of applying a synthetic approach, testing the influence of both historical and contemporary processes on genetic structure and diversity in order to understand complex phylogeographic patterns. This may especially apply to widespread species, such as weeds. Implications of our findings for biological control are briefly discussed.