Early ontogeny of Adinia xenica (Pisces,Cyprinodontiformes): 2. Implications of embryonic resting interval for larval development

Synopsis Larval development commences with first exogenous feeding, and ends with final remodelling of caenogenetic structures into the definitive organs of juvenile and adult. For the intertidal cyprinodontid Adinia xenica this generally corresponds to the interval between hatching and completion of scalation. The final step of the embryo period is a resting interval of variable duration. Embryos were induced to hatch after 2 and 10 days of this near arrest. Although the general pattern of larval development was the same for both groups, differences were observed in the rates and order of calcification of skeletal elements, fin differentiation and growth, and scalation. For example, embryos hatching 8 days later in the resting interval were already pattially calcified, but completed calcification at a slower rate than the group hatching after 2 days. These differences may be due to effects of the duration of the resting interval itself; or they may reflect genetic variation of which age at hatching is only one manifestation.     

Collar cells in planula and adult tentacle ectoderm of the solitary coral Balanophyllia regia (anthozoa eupsammiidae)

Summary The planula larva of the solitary coral Balanophyllia regia has an ectoderm of flagellate, diplosomal collar cells. The collar of these cells is composed of a ring of microvilli linked with mucus strands. Four types of flagellate gland cells, three types of nematocyst and spirocysts are present in the planula ectoderm. The function of these ectoderm cells is discussed. The mesogloeal muscular and packing tissues of the planula are briefly described. The tentacle of the adult coral, examined for comparison, has an ectoderm of flattened flagellate cells with a shallow collar. Collar cells similar to those of the planula are occasionally found on the tentacle and their function is not known. Independent sensory cells built on a modified collar cell plan with collar of thickened microvilli are common in the tentacle. These are quite separate from the three kinds of tentacular nematocyte. Distended glandular areas occur in the tentacle ectoderm. The flagellate tentacle gastrodermis, muscle and mesogloeal region are briefly described. The evolutionary significance of collar cell ectoderm in a planula is discussed and the occurrence of collar cells throughout the animal kingdom, reviewed.I am most grateful to Paul Tranter of the Plymouth Laboratory for providing material and to Gareth Morgan for assistance with electron microscopy.     

中国虫草一新记录种

【目的】对一个寄生鳞翅目幼虫的虫草标本Dxhir140901进行分类鉴定。【方法】采用形态学比较和基于ITS1-5.8S-ITS2rDNA的系统发育与进化网络分析进行鉴定。【结果】形态学观察：标本的分离菌株形态显示其为典型的被毛孢属真菌,具有两型产孢结构：A型产孢细胞柱状,(1.8?6.3) μm×1.8 μm;B型产孢细胞锥形,基部柱状,向上逐渐变细无明显颈部,基部宽3?3.8 μm,长21?63 μm,颈部宽1.8?2.0 μm,菌丝末端可直接形成产孢细胞;孢子橘瓣形或卵形,(8.1?10.8) μm×(2.7?5.4) μm,具粘液,黏液层厚1.8?2.7 μm。系统发育分析结果显示该菌株与巨针线形虫草Ophiocordyceps macroacicularis聚为一支,支持率为98%,进化网络分析也支持上述结果。【结论】通过与O. macroacicularis的形态比较和分子系统学分析结果,Dxhir140901及其分离株Gzuifr-hir140901为巨针线形虫草Ophiocordyceps macroacicularis S. Ban, T. Sakane & Nakagiri的无性阶段,该种为中国新记录种。     

A study of natural populations of the celery leaf-miner,Philophylla heraclei L. (Diptera,Tephritidae) II. Importance of changes of mines for larval populations

The leaf-mining larvae of the celery fly, P. heraclei, have the ability to leave their primary mine to bore a secondary mine in another leaflet or leaf. This phenomenon is always numerically significant under natural conditions (depending on the plots and the years, 38 to 97% of the larvae observed made such a change), although it is not an obligatory behavior. The distribution of the secondary mines on the leaflets and on the leaves varies with the importance of the migrations, with the total unoccupied and healthy leaf area and with the relative position of different leaves on the plant. These migrations are due to the insufficiency of healthy food available for the larvae: either because the quantity of parenchyma offered by a leaflet is too small for a larva, or because there is intraspecific competition following multiple egg-layings on the same leaflet, or because there is a deterioration of the quality of the parenchyma, particularly following the development of celery leaf-spot. The possibility for the larvae of P. heraclei to bore secondary mines appears to be an extremely important factor in the population dynamics of this species. This permits the reduction of the negative effects of intraspecific competition and celery leaf-spot, and permits the colonization by the larvae of young leaves not used by the females at the time of egg-laying.     

果蝇幼虫的视觉系统

视觉对于动物的生存和行为来说是非常重要的。虽然果蝇幼虫的视觉神经系统在组织结构上比成虫简单,但是也具有一定的复杂性和多样性。在最近几年中,随着对果蝇幼虫视觉系统功能的研究取得重要进展,我们对于果蝇幼虫视觉系统的认识更加丰富了。果蝇幼虫视觉系统的结构中,最初级的光感受神经元包括三类,一类是BO/BN(Bolwig's organ/Bolwig's nerve),一类是表达感光分子CRY(cryptochrome)的神经元,另外一类是Ⅳ型DA(classⅣdendriticarborization)神经元;果蝇幼虫视觉系统的次级神经元主要是光节律相关的侧神经元(lateralneurons,LN),它表达Per(period)、Tim(timeless)及Pdf(pigment dispersion factor)等节律相关的蛋白分子;而第三级神经元包括更为下游的、表达果蝇促胸腺激素且直接调控幼虫光偏好的NP394神经元。这三级神经元构成了我们现在所了解的果蝇幼虫视觉神经系统的基本框架。     

南方鲇幼鱼和成鱼血液指标的比较

测定了南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis)幼鱼和成鱼部分血液生理及生化指标,结果表明,南方鲇幼鱼和成鱼血液中红细胞数量(RBC)、白细胞数量(WBC)、白细胞分类计数(DLC)、血红蛋白(Hb)、血糖(GLU)、总蛋白(TP)、胆固醇(CHOL)及甘油三酯(TG)二者差异不显著,在对幼鱼与成鱼做血液诊断时这些指标可以用同一个标准。成鱼血液中谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性显著高于幼鱼,而幼鱼血液中谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性显著高于成鱼,幼鱼血液中氯离子(Cl-)浓度极显著高于成鱼,在对南方鲇幼鱼和成鱼做血液学诊断时需要设定不同标准。     

Eggs and larvae of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Awaous melanocephalus</Emphasis> (Teleostei: Gobiidae)

The morphology of eggs and larvae of Awaous melanocephalus is described. The eggs measured 0.33–0.35 mm in long-axis diameter and 0.32–0.34 mm in short-axis diameter. Newly hatched larvae (0.90–0.99 mm in notochord length, NL; 0.93–1.04 mm in total length, TL) were poorly developed, lacking a mouth and having a large yolk sac and unpigmented eyes. The mouth opened and the eyes became fully pigmented 3 days after hatching (1.78–2.00 mm NL, 1.88–2.10 mm TL). The yolk sac was completely absorbed 5 days after hatching at a water temperature of 27°–28°C.     

Trichinella spiralis: anaphylactic antibody formation and susceptibility in strains of inbred mice.

The anaphylactic antibody response of various strains of inbred mice of different H-2 specificities was investigated using the passive cutaneous anaphylactic technique (PCA) for the detection of the antibody response. Neither IgC₁ nor reaginic antibody were detected in serum samples obtained at the end of the first week of infection with Trichinella spiralis. Subsequently, all animals had detectable IgG₁ antibodies, although in some strains the titers were very low. Reaginic antibody was detected in relatively high titers in C57L, A, and DBA/1 mice. Two other strains were very poor responders (SJL and AKR). In most strains, reagin and IgG₁ remained detectable for 14 wk or longer. The pattern of response of all strains was very reproducible, indicating genetic control of the anaphylactic antibody production to the infection. In F₁ hybrids obtained from crosses between good and poor anaphylactic antibody responders, intermediate levels of both antibody classes were detected.Adult worm recovery rates were established at various points during the intestinal phase of infection, and no correlation between worm numbers and reaginic antibody titers in the various strains of mice could be demonstrated. There were noticeable differences in larval yields obtained after muscle digestion of mice belonging to the different inbred strains. In fact, we generally observed an inverse relationship between the number of larvae recovered from a given strain and their reaginic antibody titer.The intravenous injection of newborn larvae (NBL), obtained upon in vitro incubation of adult worms, produced detectable antibodies only in mice of the DBA/1 strain. These antibodies were consistently of low titer and became detectable only after the administration of two additional injections of NBL. This contrasted with the results observed after “per os” infection of DBA/1 mice, where high titers of these antibodies were always obtained, in spite of comparable ratios of muscle larval yield.