全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1456篇 |
免费 | 64篇 |
国内免费 | 30篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 7篇 |
2022年 | 15篇 |
2021年 | 20篇 |
2020年 | 19篇 |
2019年 | 30篇 |
2018年 | 23篇 |
2017年 | 17篇 |
2016年 | 16篇 |
2015年 | 34篇 |
2014年 | 89篇 |
2013年 | 120篇 |
2012年 | 89篇 |
2011年 | 89篇 |
2010年 | 74篇 |
2009年 | 64篇 |
2008年 | 71篇 |
2007年 | 81篇 |
2006年 | 76篇 |
2005年 | 51篇 |
2004年 | 55篇 |
2003年 | 58篇 |
2002年 | 49篇 |
2001年 | 25篇 |
2000年 | 17篇 |
1999年 | 18篇 |
1998年 | 18篇 |
1997年 | 23篇 |
1996年 | 18篇 |
1995年 | 11篇 |
1994年 | 14篇 |
1993年 | 14篇 |
1992年 | 15篇 |
1991年 | 16篇 |
1990年 | 24篇 |
1989年 | 9篇 |
1988年 | 9篇 |
1987年 | 13篇 |
1986年 | 10篇 |
1985年 | 11篇 |
1984年 | 10篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 10篇 |
1981年 | 9篇 |
1980年 | 10篇 |
1979年 | 13篇 |
1978年 | 12篇 |
1976年 | 21篇 |
1975年 | 13篇 |
1974年 | 13篇 |
1973年 | 9篇 |
排序方式: 共有1550条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Carl W. White Dee-dee H. Nguyen Keiichiro Suzuki Naoyuki Taniguchi Lee S. Rusakow Karen B. Avraham Yoram Groner 《Free radical biology & medicine》1993,15(6):629-636
In evaluating the relative expression of copper-zinc and manganese superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD and MnSOD) in vivo in states like Down syndrome in which one dismutase is present at increased levels, we measured activities of both enzymes, in tissues of control and transgenic mice constitutively expressing increased levels of CuZnSOD, during exposure to normal and elevated oxygen tensions. Using SOD gel electrophoresis assay, CuZnSOD and MnSOD activities of brain, lung, heart, kidney, and liver from mice exposed to either normal (21%) or elevated (>99% oxygen, 630 torr) oxygen tensions for 120 h were compared. Whereas CuZnSOD activity was elevated in tissues of transgenic relative to control mice under both normoxic or hyperoxic conditions, MnSOD activities in organs of transgenic mice were remarkably similar to those of controls under both conditions. To confirm the accuracy of this method in quantitating MnSOD relative to CuZnSOD expression, two other methods were utilized. In lung, which is the organ exposed to the highest oxygen tension during ambient hyperoxia, a sensitive, specific ELISA for MnSOD was used. Again, MnSOD protein was not different in transgenic relative to control mice during exposure to air or hyperoxia. In addition, lung MnSOD protein was not changed significantly by exposure to hyperoxia in either group. In kidney, a mitochondrion-rich organ, SOD assay, before and after inactivation of CuZnSOD with diethyldithiocarbamate, was used. MnSOD activity was not different in organs from air-exposed transgenic relative to control mice. The data indicated that expression of MnSOD in vivo was not affected by overexpression of the CuZnSOD and, therefore, the two enzymes are probably regulated independently. 相似文献
2.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological condition, for which no cure exists, typically leading to an immediate and irreversible loss of sensory and voluntary motor functions accompanied by significant health problems. We conducted proof-of-concept experiments aimed at assessing efficacy upon oral administration of a novel combination therapy for central pattern generator (CPG) activation and corresponding locomotor movement generation in completely paraplegic animals. Co-administration orally (by gavage) of buspirone, levodopa and carbidopa was found to dose-dependently induce episodes of steady weight-bearing stepping in low-thoracic (Th9/10) spinal cord-transected (Tx) mice (with no other form of assistance or training). Robust hindlimb stepping with weight-bearing capabilities was induced with the tri-therapy but not with clinically relevant doses of these compounds administered separately. These results provide evidence suggesting that this drug combination may be ideally suited to constitute a first-in-class therapy (CPG activator) for locomotor activity induction in chronic SCI individuals, given that efficacy was shown using commercially available brain-permeable small molecules, already known as safe for the treatment of various neurological indications. 相似文献
3.
We conducted a cetacean survey in the pelagic western tropical Indian Ocean (WTIO) aboard an 85-m research vessel from March to July 1995, covering 9,784 linear km. Using 25 × binoculars and line-transect methods, we recorded 589 sightings of 21 species. Stenella longirostris was the most abundant cetacean, in terms of number of individuals sighted, by an order of magnitude above any other species, while Physeter macrocephalus was the most frequently sighted, in terms of number of schools. Twelve species were widespread, seven were rare, and two were localized; our sightings include new distributional records for 12 species. Significant observations included the following: (1) Delphinus cf. tropicalis was abundant off the coast of Oman (16 sightings) and readily distinguishable in the field from D. delphis and D. capensis, (2) Balaenoptera musculus was fairly common and localized in the area of the Maldives (17 sightings), and (3) three sightings were made of an unidentified bottlenose whale tentatively referred to as Indopacetus (i. e., Mesoplodon) pacificus. We recorded 26 mixed-species cetacean schools, 43 schools with which seabirds associated, and 17 schools associated with tuna. Notable among these were mixed aggregations of Stenella attenuata, S. longirostris, yellowfin tuna, and seabirds. The cetacean community of the WTIO was similar to that of the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) and the Gulf of Mexico (GM) in several respects. First, differences in abundance rank of individual species were small, with the result that common species were common and rare species were rare, regardless of ocean. Second, these differences in abundance were due primarily to differences in encounter rate, which varied with ocean by as much as 3,000%, and less so to school size, which generally varied less than 100%. Third, regardless of ocean, three species comprised the majority of cetaceans in the community, Stenella attenuata, S. longirostris, and S. coeruleoalba, representing 62%-82% of all individuals for all species. However, the rank order of abundance for these three species differed with ocean. Most notably, S. attenuata was abundant in the ETP and GM (abundance rank = 2 and 1, respectively) but much less common in the WTIO (abundance rank = 6). Although habitat preferences for S. attenuata appear to overlap considerably with those of S. longirostris in the ETP, our results suggest there may actually be significant differences between these two species. Detailed analysis of oceanographic correlates of distribution will be necessary in order to understand fully the habitat requirements of these pelagic dolphins, often the most conspicuous elements of tropical cetacean communities around the world. 相似文献
4.
Angela Haczku 《Respiratory research》2012,13(1):80
The pulmonary innate immune system is heavily implicated in the perpetual airway inflammation and impaired host defense characterizing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The airways of patients suffering from COPD are infiltrated by various immune and inflammatory cells including macrophages, neutrophils, T lymphocytes, and dendritic cells. While the role of macrophages, neutrophils and T lymphocytes is well characterized, the contribution of dendritic cells to COPD pathogenesis is still the subject of emerging research. A paper by Botelho and colleagues in the current issue of Respiratory Research investigates the importance of dendritic cell recruitment in cigarette-smoke induced acute and chronic inflammation in mice. Dendritic cells of the healthy lung parenchyma and airways perform an important sentinel function and regulate immune homeostasis. During inflammatory responses the function and migration pattern of these cells is dramatically altered but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Botelho and colleagues demonstrate here the importance of IL-1R1/IL-1α related mechanisms including CCL20 production in cigarette-smoke induced recruitment of dendritic cells and T cell activation in the mouse lung. 相似文献
5.
Neural correlates of behavioral gap detection in the inferior colliculus of the young CBA mouse 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
J. P. Walton R. D. Frisina J. R. Ison W. E. O'Neill 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,181(2):161-176
The gap detection paradigm is frequently used in psychoacoustics to characterize the temporal acuity of the auditory system.
Neural responses to silent gaps embedded in white-noise carriers, were obtained from mouse inferior colliculus (IC) neurons
and the results compared to behavioral estimates of gap detection. Neural correlates of gap detection were obtained from 78
single neurons located in the central nucleus of the IC. Minimal gap thresholds (MGTs) were computed from single-unit gap
functions and were found to be comparable, 1–2 ms, to the behavioral gap threshold (2 ms). There was no difference in MGTs
for units in which both carrier intensities were collected. Single unit responses were classified based on temporal discharge
patterns to steady-state noise bursts. Onset and primary-like units had the shortest mean MGTs (2.0 ms), followed by sustained
units (4.0 ms) and phasic-off units (4.2 ms). The longest MGTs were obtained for inhibitory neurons (xˉ = 14 ms). Finally,
the time-course of behavioral and neurophysiological gap functions were found to be in good agreement. The results of the
present study indicate the neural code necessary for behavioral gap detection is present in the temporal discharge patterns
of the majority of IC neurons.
Accepted: 6 February 1997 相似文献
6.
This work is concerned with the extent of behavioural discrimination between three chromosomal races of the house mouse (the standard 40-chromosome race and a 32- and 36-chromosome races) found in the vicinity of a hybrid zone in northern Scotland. Mice were investigated for several elements of their social behaviour. Within-population dyadic encounters did not show consistent behavioural differences attributable to karyotype among five populations (two standard race, two 36-chromosome race, one 32-chromosome race). Between-population dyadic encounters revealed significant differences between three populations. The standard population examined appeared to be the most “open” to foreigners, the 32-chromosome population the most “closed” while the 36-chromosome mice displayed an intermediate response. Differences in behaviour displayed during between-population as compared to within-population dyadic encounters revealed the occurrence of behavioural discrimination between populations. The implication of these results on the dynamics of the hybrid zone are discussed. 相似文献
7.
Abstract Significantly higher Giardia lamblia trophozoites load in the intestine of infected mice accompanied pronounced influx of suppressor/cytotoxic T cells (Lyt 2.2+ ), T cells (Thy 1.2+ ) and significant reduction in IgA-containing cells in the gut during the establishment and peak phases of infection. The induction of helper/inducer T cells (Lyt 1.1+ ) and significant enhancement of IgA-containing cells in gut resulted in the decline of the trophozoite loads. However, the prior treatment of animals with dexamethasone alone resulted in significant reduction in helper/inducer T cells (Lyt 1.1+ ) and the IgA-containing cells in the gut; the percents of suppressor/cytotoxic T cells (Lyt 2.2+ ) and IgM-containing cells remained unaltered. Although the G. lamblia infection in such animals further significantly increased the influx of suppressor/cytotoxic T cells, the late response of helper/inducer T cells and IgA-containing cells was abrogated during the decline phase of infection. The significant reduction in the trophozoite load — despite immuno-suppressive therapy — appeared to be due to unaltered IgM response in such animals which probably took over the function of IgA in defense against G. lamblia . The data of the investigation thus suggested a role of helper/inducer T cells and antibodies producing cells in gut as important effector cells resulting in the termination of primary G. lamblia infection. 相似文献
8.
The phenotypic consequences in the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) of the transition from an ordinary field-dwelling rodent to a species that is dependent on human populations was studied by investigating the morphometric variation of non-commensal populations of M. m. domesticus from Syria, Jordan, SW Iran, and Libya and comparing them with that of conspecific commensal populations from Eastern Turkey, Greece, and Bulgaria. Commensal populations of M. musculus musculus from the Czech Republic were used as an outgroup. About 849 adult specimens of M. musculus were analysed by multivariate procedures based on standard molar, skull and body measurements. As expected, there was considerable variation among the studied populations and a good correspondence between morphometric and geographic distances. The resulting morphometric tree was consistent with the hypothesis that the original radiation of M. m. domesticus took place somewhere in the Near East. Commensal populations of M. m. domesticus form a single derived branch. Specimens originating from four different sites in eastern Syria showed the greatest similarity to one another and possessed relatively bigger molars than the other studied populations. Commensal populations were characterised by longer tails when compared to non-commensal populations, which suggests an adaptation for living in a more three-dimensionally heterogeneous environment for commensal populations. 相似文献
9.
《Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences》2017,24(7):1567-1573
Oral administration of berberine chloride to mice induced an obvious enhancement in jejunal health status as expressed by the significant reduction of apoptotic cells within the intestinal villi from 15.5 to 8.3 apoptotic cell/10 VCU. In addition, jejunal antioxidant biomarkers were significantly improved as revealed by the increase in the activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes with a concurrent increase in reduced glutathione levels and total antioxidant capacity. Also, it was associated with a significant decrease in oxidative damage biomarkers of hydrogen peroxides, malondialdehyde, nitrite/nitrate, inducible nitric oxide synthase and protein carbonyl content. Moreover, BBR treatment induced a reduction in the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α by about 40%. It is highly recommended to use berberine as food supplements or as natural drug therapy to enhance the antioxidant status within the intestinal tissue. 相似文献
10.
Dr.Lawrence J.FLYNN 《古脊椎动物学报》2014,(2)
正The Muséum National d’Histoire naturelle,via the able hands of Stéphane Peignéand Sevket Sen,has produced a massive scientific work that compiles advanced studies on the diverse mammalian fossil assemblage of Sansan,Gers,southwestern France.Servais et al.(2012)called Sansan a"lagersttte",and so it is:a remarkable fossil site that assembles much of the biota of its past community in one place.Sansan is a site complex with adjacent 相似文献