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排序方式: 共有465条查询结果,搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
Satiation and the functional response: a test of a new model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
N. J. MILLS 《Ecological Entomology》1982,7(3):305-315
Abstract. 1. A model of the functional response to prey density is derived to include the reduction in time available for search, Ts , resulting from predator satiation.
2. For larger prey items predator satiation occurs at each prey capture and Ts is reduced by the attack time and digestive pause of a series of attack cycles. For small prey items predator foraging is continuous at low densities with Ts reduced solely by attack time. At higher densities predator satiation occurs after the capture of several small prey items and Ts is reduced by the attack time and digestive pause of a series of foraging cycles.
3. A comparison of the predicted asymptotic level of prey capture using experimentally estimated parameter values, with the maximum consumption of aphids by larval and adult coccinellids provides a test of the satiation model.
4. The limitation of prey capture by predator satiation is discussed with reference to handling time and the success of coccinellids in biological control. 相似文献
2. For larger prey items predator satiation occurs at each prey capture and T
3. A comparison of the predicted asymptotic level of prey capture using experimentally estimated parameter values, with the maximum consumption of aphids by larval and adult coccinellids provides a test of the satiation model.
4. The limitation of prey capture by predator satiation is discussed with reference to handling time and the success of coccinellids in biological control. 相似文献
2.
Prey capture rate (number of prey s−1 ) and the mode of feeding of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus were studied by performing foraging experiments with two sizes (1·1 and 1·8 mm) of Daphnia longispina prey. Arctic charr were particulate feeders at all densities tested. Adjusted for the effect of prey density, the capture rate showed a hump-shaped relationship with Arctic charr size for both sizes of D. longispina . Estimated attack rates ( a ) also tended to show a hump-shaped relationship with fish size. The estimated size-scaling exponent of the attack rate function, however, was relatively small, implying small changes in attack rate over fish sizes. Simultaneous estimations of a and handling time were used in combination with published data on fish metabolism and dry mass rations of prey to estimate maintenance resource density of prey as a function of Arctic charr mass. Maintenance resource densities increased monotonically with Arctic charr size, and rapidly as optimum fish size relative to attack rate on prey was passed. 相似文献
3.
4.
T. Jermy 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1993,66(1):3-12
Most hypotheses concerning the evolution of insect-plant relationships are based on the assumptions that, (1) phytophagous
insects reduce plant fitness, and that (2) insect-plant relationships are the result of unconstrained selection. It can be
shown, however, that there is little evidence to support these assumptions. As an alternative, it is proposed that the evolution
of insect-plant relationships results primarily from autonomous evolutionary events; namely from heritable functional changes
within the insects' nervous system that determine plant recognition and ultimately host plant specificity. These changes cannot
be evoked by selective ecological agents. They originate from intrinsic changes (mutationssensu lato) within the insect genome. Ecological factors play a secondary role: by either supporting or preventing the establishment
of the new genotype with the novel food preference.
This paper has been dedicated in warm friendship to Professor Louis M. Schoonhoven, the leading scientist in sensory physiology
of phytophagous insects, on the occasion of his 60th birthday. 相似文献
5.
Matthew J. Hansen Paolo Domenici Palina Bartashevich Alicia Burns Jens Krause 《Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》2023,98(5):1687-1711
Group-hunting is ubiquitous across animal taxa and has received considerable attention in the context of its functions. By contrast much less is known about the mechanisms by which grouping predators hunt their prey. This is primarily due to a lack of experimental manipulation alongside logistical difficulties quantifying the behaviour of multiple predators at high spatiotemporal resolution as they search, select, and capture wild prey. However, the use of new remote-sensing technologies and a broadening of the focal taxa beyond apex predators provides researchers with a great opportunity to discern accurately how multiple predators hunt together and not just whether doing so provides hunters with a per capita benefit. We incorporate many ideas from collective behaviour and locomotion throughout this review to make testable predictions for future researchers and pay particular attention to the role that computer simulation can play in a feedback loop with empirical data collection. Our review of the literature showed that the breadth of predator:prey size ratios among the taxa that can be considered to hunt as a group is very large (<100 to >102). We therefore synthesised the literature with respect to these predator:prey ratios and found that they promoted different hunting mechanisms. Additionally, these different hunting mechanisms are also related to particular stages of the hunt (search, selection, capture) and thus we structure our review in accordance with these two factors (stage of the hunt and predator:prey size ratio). We identify several novel group-hunting mechanisms which are largely untested, particularly under field conditions, and we also highlight a range of potential study organisms that are amenable to experimental testing of these mechanisms in connection with tracking technology. We believe that a combination of new hypotheses, study systems and methodological approaches should help push the field of group-hunting in new directions. 相似文献
6.
摘要 目的:探讨支气管哮喘(BA)急性发作期患者血清颗粒蛋白前体(PGRN)、分泌型卷曲相关蛋白1(SFRP1)、C-C基序趋化因子配体26(CCL26)与肺功能和气道炎症的相关性。方法:选取2021年1月~2022年6月我院收治的118例BA急性发作期患者作为急性发作期组,根据病情分级将BA急性发作期患者分为轻度亚组55例、中度亚组43例、重度亚组20例,另选取同期77例BA临床控制期患者(临床控制期组)和60例体检健康志愿者(对照组)分别作为对照。采用Pearson相关性分析BA急性发作期患者血清PGRN、SFRP1、CCL26水平与肺功能和气道炎症指标的相关性。结果:对照组、临床控制期组、急性发作期组血清PGRN水平和第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV1%pred)、峰值呼气流速(PEF)依次降低,SFRP1、CCL26水平和呼出气一氧化氮(FeNO)、外周血嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)计数依次升高(P<0.05)。轻度亚组、中度亚组、重度亚组血清PGRN水平和FEV1%pred、PEF依次降低,SFRP1、CCL26水平和FeNO、外周血EOS计数依次升高(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示,BA急性发作期患者血清PGRN水平与FEV1%pred、PEF呈正相关,与FeNO、外周血EOS计数呈负相关(P<0.05),SFRP1、CCL26与FEV1%pred、PEF呈负相关,与FeNO、外周血EOS计数呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论:BA急性发作期患者血清PGRN水平降低,SFRP1、CCL26水平升高,与病情严重程度、肺功能和气道炎症有关,可能成为BA急性发作期患者新的治疗靶点。 相似文献
7.
E. Stoupel J. Abramson S. Domarkiene M. Shimshoni J. Sulkes 《International journal of biometeorology》1997,40(2):113-116
The influence of solar activity (SA) and geomagnetic activity (GMA) on human homeostasis has long been investigated. The
aim of the present study was to analyse the relationship between monthly proton flux (>90 MeV) and other SA and GMA parameters
and between proton flux and temporal (monthly) distribution of total and cardiovascular-related deaths. The data from 180
months (1974–1989) of distribution in the Beilinson Campus of the Rabin Medical Centre, Israel, and of 108 months (1983–1991)
from the Kaunas Medical Academy, were analysed and compared with SA, GMA and space proton flux (>90 MeV). It was concluded:
(1) monthly levels of SA, GMA and radiowave propagation (Fof2) are significantly and adversely correlated with monthly space
proton flux (>90 MeV); (2) medical-biological phenomena that increase during periods of low solar and/or geomagnetic activity
may be stimulated by physical processes provoked by the concomitant increase in proton flux; (3) the monthly number of deaths
related (positively or negatively) to SA are significantly and adversely related to the space proton flux (>90 MeV).
Received: 14 January 1996 / Accepted: 14 October 1996 相似文献
8.
Release of Excitatory Amino Acids from Cultured Hippocampal Astrocytes Induced by a Hypoxic-Hypoglycemic Stimulation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Tadanori Ogata† Yoichi Nakamura Taiho Shibata† Kiyoshi Kataoka 《Journal of neurochemistry》1992,58(5):1957-1959
An excess release of excitatory amino acids (EAA) is an important factor for postischemic brain damage. In the present communication, we demonstrate that cultured hippocampal cells release EAA after hypoxic-hypoglycemic treatment. The amounts of EAA released from astrocytes were appreciably above those released from neurons. Furthermore, the amount of aspartate released from astrocytes was comparable to that of glutamate, although the endogenous content of aspartate was one-fifth that of glutamate. The endogenous content of aspartate in astrocytes increased even after hypoxic-hypoglycemic treatment. These results suggests that ischemic neuronal death is due, at least in part, to the excitotoxicity of aspartate and glutamate derived from surrounding astrocytes. 相似文献
9.
S. Mathavan 《Hydrobiologia》1976,50(1):55-64
Summary The dragonfly nymph Mesogomphus lineatus satiated predating 21 larvae of Culex fatigans in 50 minutes; number of attack and predatory efficiency decreased precipitously from 2 attacks/min and 70% during the first 10 minutes of feeding to 0.04 attack/min and 0.01% efficiency respectively during the sixth 10 minutes interval. The nymphs fed after 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 or 42 hours of deprivation consumed 4, 13, 15, 20, 21 or 21 larvae; apparently, the maximum appetite is returned after about 36 hours of deprivation. Satiation time, which was 50 minutes at the density of 15 larvae/aquarium, decreased to 30 minutes in aquaria containing 200 larvae. The nymphs predated increased the number of prey when they were exposed to higher densities of C. fatigans and Anopheles stephansi larvae, and pupa of C. fatigans. They consumed equal weight (but different number) of Culex and Anopheles larvae at all the tested prey densities and selectively selected Culex larva over the pupa or Anopheles larva. Comparative analyses suggest that the dragonfly nymphs deserve serious consideration as larvivorous predators. 相似文献
10.
目的:研究布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂(ST)联合孟鲁斯特对支气管哮喘急性发作期(ASBA)患者肺功能及血清细胞因子水平的影响。方法:选择2015年2月到2017年8月在我院治疗的86例ASBA患者作为研究对象,根据随机数字表法将患者分成观察组(n=43)以及对照组(n=43),对照组予以ST治疗,观察组则在此基础上联合孟鲁司特治疗,两组均治疗3个月,对比两组患者治疗前及治疗3个月后的肺功能、细胞因子水平、咳嗽评分、St·George's呼吸疾病问卷(SGRQ)以及用药安全性。结果:治疗后两组患者的第1秒的用力呼气容积(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)及FEV1/FVC均较治疗前升高,且观察组高于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后两组患者的白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、白细胞介素-5(IL-5)、γ-干扰素(INF-γ)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平均较治疗前降低,且观察组低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后两组患者的咳嗽评分较治疗前升高,且观察组高于对照组(P0.05),而治疗后两组患者的SGRQ评分均较治疗前降低,且观察组低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组不良反应的总发生率为20.93%,与对照组的16.28%相比无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:ASBA给予ST联合孟鲁司特治疗能够有效改善患者的症状,缓解机体炎症反映的同时还可有效改善患者肺功能和生活质量,其用药安全性较好。 相似文献