Differences between single and paired heifers in residency in functional areas, length of travel path, and area used throughout days 1–6 after integration into a free stall dairy herd

The integration of heifers into free stall dairy herds is a frequent management procedure, but little systematic research has been conducted on its effect on cow behavior. Previous studies mainly focused on aggressive interactions, but it is also of interest how integration affects the spatial distribution of both the cows in the herd and the integrated heifers. In the present study we integrated a single and a pair of heifers on each of six Swiss working farms in a balanced order. Using an automatic tracking system, we recorded the positions of all the cows and of the integrated heifers at 1 min intervals for six continuous 24 h periods. From these data we calculated the proportion of time the animals spent in the activity area, at the feed rack and in the lying cubicles, their average path length and the area of the barn that they used. We then compared the behavior of the integrated heifers with that of the cows in the introductory weeks. We also compared the behavior of the cows recorded in the control weeks directly preceding the integration and in the introductory weeks. For evaluation we used linear mixed-effects models. Singly integrated heifers spent a higher proportion of time in the activity area (0.29 vs. 0.14; P < 0.001) and a lower proportion of time in the lying area (0.40 vs. 0.53; interaction with day, P = 0.011) than the cows, whereas the heifers of the pairs mainly spent a lower proportion of time in the feeding area than the cows (0.23 vs. 0.32; interaction with day, P = 0.044). Average path length was longer for the integrated heifers soon after introduction but approached the values of the cows later on (interaction with day, P = 0.012). The total barn area used by a given animal was largest in the cows and was reduced in heifers integrated singly or in pairs (cows: 341/373 m², pairs: 306 m², single heifer: 333 m²; P = 0.055). Cows were little influenced in their space use by the integration of a single or pair of heifers. In summary, the behavior of the singly integrated heifers differed more markedly from that of the cows than the behavior of the heifers introduced in pairs during the introductory week. We would therefore recommend integrating pairs rather than single heifers into herds of dehorned dairy cows to ease their integration.     

基于翻转课堂的《生物资源学导论》混合式教学模式的构建与实践

不断发展与创新信息化教学模式是高校人才培养的必然选择,也是落实国家创新发展战略的重要路径。随着信息技术的飞速发展,使得混合式教学改革理念应运而生。同时,大量实用的信息技术工具也为混合式教学的顺利开展提供了强有力的后勤保障。在本研究中,我们通过对混合式教学相关理论的深入分析以及对微信功能的充分挖掘,设计了基于翻转课堂的混合式教学模式,并在《生物资源学导论》课程中开展了基于该模式的教学实践。结果证明,该教学模式能有效提高学生的学习积极性、自主学习能力和学习绩效。此外,我们还对该混合式教学模式的优势和实践过程中出现的问题进行了讨论和总结,为今后进一步深化教学改革与创新提供参考。     

舟翅桐属(锦葵科、梧桐亚科),中国植物一新分布属（英文）

【目的】报道了云南省勐腊县中老边境地区舟翅桐属（Pterocymbium R. Br.）及其属下热带落叶大乔木——大花舟翅桐（P. macranthum Kosterm.）在中国的分布新记录,并提供了保护建议。该物种在历史上仅见分布于缅甸中南部和泰国北部、西南部,在中国的发现将其分布区向北扩展至热带亚洲北缘,有助于深入理解中国与东南亚热带森林树木区系之间的关系。【方法】利用体视显微镜对其境内雌株标本进行解剖观察和研究,用数码相机对关键分类特征进行了拍摄记录,并借此完善了其属和种的描述。利用无人机航拍对大花舟翅桐境内种群进行了规模快速评估,访谈当地人对其用途和木材贸易情况的认知,并结合作者在东南亚植物调查经验对其IUCN物种受威胁等级进行评估。【结果】大花舟翅桐在中国境内约有1 000株,分布区面积约2 000 hm2,评定为IUCN红色物种名录易危（VU）物种。【结论】舟翅桐属为中国新记录属,属下大花舟翅桐为中国新记录种。     

The North-American amphipods, Melita nitida Smith, 1873 and Incisocalliope aestuarius (Watling and Maurer, 1973) (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Gammaridea), introduced to the Western Scheldt estuary (The Netherlands)

The American amphipod species Melita nitida andIncisocalliope aestuarius have been found in the WesternScheldt estuary (the Netherlands). This is the first record of these species inthe north-east Atlantic. Shipping is the most likely vector of introduction.Thedistribution of both species is investigated and compared with the distributionand the microhabitat of co-occurring amphipod species. Melitanitida is known from both the east and west coast of North Americaand I. aestuarius originates from the east coast of NorthAmerica. Until now neither has been reported from other parts of the world. Inthe Netherlands both species are restricted to the mesohaline part of theWestern Scheldt. Melita nitida occurs predominantly underPacific oysters at the underside of boulders, mainly sublittorally.Incisocalliope aestuarius is associated to hydrozoans.Bothmicrohabitats are hardly utilized by other amphipod species. Therefore, thetheory that the existence of many empty niches in north-western Europeanbrackish waters make this environment particularly susceptible to invasions ofalien species is corroborated. The application of hard substrates in a regionoriginally predominated by soft bottoms moreover facilitates the introductionofexotic species. The species community on hard substrates in the mesohaline partof the Western Scheldt contains a high proportion of introduced species:approximately one third of the macrofauna species is of allochthonous origin.     

刺梨低海拔引种栽培研究初报

1993年2月从保靖县梅花乡海拔300m高的山地引进了一批大果形的刺梨枝条,在低海拔（45.5m）扦插繁殖,经过4个的栽培试验初步弄清了其物候期、结果习性及果实生长动态,为选育适应低海拔栽培的刺梨优良品种提供了科学依据。     

Stichorchis subtriquetrus in European beaver from Croatia: first report

Since 1996, European beavers (Castor fiber) have been reintroduced from Germany to Croatia. However, little is known about the health status of the established population. Necropsy of a 2-year-old female European beaver, which died from a car accident, revealed 28 adult trematodes in the preserved fragments of the colon and in the peritoneal cavity. All of them were identified as Stichorchis subtriquetrus. The typical location of these parasites is the large intestine, and the finding of several specimens in the peritoneal cavity can be explained by the severe trauma. We assume that the trematode was introduced to Croatia along with the beavers. Furthermore, it is very probable that the life cycle can be completed as the intermediate hosts are part of the local fauna. This is the first record of S. subtriquetrus in Croatia.     

不同土壤条件下天津地区引种黑果枸杞生长、产量、成分差异

以从甘肃民勤地区引入天津不同土壤条件的两年生黑果枸杞苗为试验材料,对其生长、产量、成分差异进行研究。结果表明,黑果枸杞引种到天津后生长期比原产地甘肃民勤延长了8~36 d。粘壤土条件下的黑果枸杞产量为0.34 kg·m^-2,高于民勤地区的最高产量;而沙土条件下的产量则为0.05 kg·m^-2,低于民勤地区的最低产量。粘壤土与沙土条件下黑果枸杞的花青素含量分别为14.43和13.67 mg·g^-1,均显著高于甘肃民勤黑果枸杞的花青素含量。生长在粘壤土的果实中的甜菜碱含量为2.36%,显著高于生长在沙土和市售民勤的黑果枸杞果实。综合各土壤条件下黑果枸杞植株生长情况及各项指标,黑果枸杞引种到天津不同土壤条件后生长适应性较强,其中在粘壤土条件下生长最好。     

辽北地区农田防护林杨树新无性系的引进与优选

在辽宁省昌图县前双井镇以引进的6个无性系新品种杨树为材料,用乡土杨富杂Ⅱ号为对照作栽培比较试验,观察其生长量,抗寒性,感病性,感虫性等指标,用评分法评价各种综合表现的优劣。结果表明,N－119杨各项指标明显地超过对照,并优于其它品种,可扩大栽培,赛路杨生长量明显地超过本地乡土杨,且感病性,抗寒性等方面等于或接近对照,有一定的引种价值。     

中国燕麦种质资源国外引种与利用

综述了中国从国外引进燕麦种质资源及其利用情况。经过长期努力,中国从28个国家引进29个物种的燕麦种质资源共计2099份,大大增加了中国燕麦种质资源的数量,丰富了中国保存燕麦种质资源的物种和遗传多样性。与此同时,利用国外燕麦种质资源改良和培育出了一批优良品种,极大地提高了中国燕麦生产水平。利用引进的燕麦野生资源,开展了燕麦种质创新、起源进化和遗传学研究,取得了显著进展。建议继续加强国外燕麦种质资源的引进,对野生燕麦进行深入鉴定评价和利用,同时加强燕麦种质资源国际合作研究。