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1.
The social environment modulates gene expression, physiology, behaviour and patterns of inheritance. For more than 50 years, this concept has been investigated using approaches that include partitioning the social component out of behavioural heritability estimates, studying maternal effects on offspring, and analysing dominance hierarchies. Recent advances have formalized this ‘social environment effect’ by providing a more nuanced approach to the study of social influences on behaviour while recognizing evolutionary implications. Yet, in most of these formulations, the dynamics of social interactions are not accounted for. Also, the reciprocity between individual behaviour and group‐level interactions has been largely ignored. Consistent with evolutionary theory, the principles of social interaction are conserved across a broad range of taxa. While noting parallels in diverse organisms, this review uses Drosophila melanogaster as a case study to revisit what is known about social interaction paradigms. We highlight the benefits of integrating the history and pattern of interactions among individuals for dissecting molecular mechanisms that underlie social modulation of behaviour.  相似文献   
2.
Dystrophin (DYS) is a filamentous protein that connects the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix via the sarcolemma, conferring resistance to muscular cells. In this study, interactions between the DYS R16–21 fragment and lipids were examined using Langmuir films made of anionic and zwitterionic lipids. The film fluidity was modified by the addition of 15% cholesterol. Whatever the lipid mixture examined, at low surface pressure (20 mN/m) few differences appeared on the protein insertion and the presence of cholesterol did not affect the protein/lipid interactions. At high surface pressure (30 mN/m), the protein insertion was very low and occurred only in zwitterionic films in the liquid-expanded phase. In anionic films, electrostatic interactions prevented the protein insertion outright, and caused accumulation of the protein on the hydrophilic part of the monolayer. Addition of cholesterol to both lipid mixtures drastically modified the protein–lipid interactions: the DYS R16–21 insertion increased and its organization in the monolayer appeared to be more homogeneous. The presence of accessible cholesterol recognition amino-acid consensus sequences in this fragment may enhance the protein/membrane binding at physiological lateral pressure. These results suggest that the anchorage of dystrophin to the membrane in vivo may be stabilized by cholesterol-rich nano-domains in the inner leaflet of sarcolemma.  相似文献   
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4.
崇明东滩盐沼植被扩散格局及其形成机制   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
曹浩冰  葛振鸣  祝振昌  张利权 《生态学报》2014,34(14):3944-3952
长江河口盐沼植被的形成和演化是生物与其生长环境相互作用的结果。以崇明东滩盐沼植被典型扩散前沿为研究对象,2011至2012年期间调查了盐沼植被扩散前沿实生苗扩散、定居以及形成的扩散格局,同时测定了盐沼植被扩散前沿的潮滩冲淤动态和水文动力条件。研究结果表明,崇明东滩盐沼植被在扩散前沿形成了互花米草-光滩(Spartina alterniflora-Mudflat,SM)和互花米草-海三棱藨草-光滩(Spartina alterniflora-Scirpus mariqueter-Mudflat,SSM)两种典型的扩散格局。冲淤动态和水文动力条件是影响盐沼植被扩散格局的重要因子,尤其是在4—6月盐沼植物实生苗传播和定居的关键阶段。在此基础上,分析了东滩盐沼植被扩散前沿的生物-物理相互作用以及盐沼植被扩散格局的形成机制。研究结果不仅有助于理解长江河口地区盐沼植被扩散的生物物理过程,并对全球气候变化和海平面上升条件下滨海生态系统动态预测与湿地保护与管理具有重要的意义。  相似文献   
5.
Summary More than 28,000 pollinations were carried out between 5 Ipomoea batatas and 41 diploid I. trifida accessions of diverse origins to obtain 4x interspecific hybrids. From the resultant 730 seeds, 248 plants were finally obtained. Ploidy level determination of the progeny showed unexpected results: 52 individuals were hexaploid, 5 were pentaploid, 190 were tetraploid, as expected, and one was not determined. The existence of 5x and 6x progenies from 6x x 2x crosses not only confirmed the presence of 2n gametes but also their successful function in gene flow between ploidy levels and polyploidization within this genus. The progeny and their cultivated parents were planted in an observation field. The cultivated parents produced 0.49 kg/plant or less. Most 4x progenies did not produce storage roots or had very poor yields; nonetheless, and despite their cultivated parents' poor yields, 8 genotypes yielded between 0.81 and 1.50 kg/plant.A new scheme, using the 4x interspecific hybrids, is proposed for evaluating 2x and 4x wild accessions of the section Batatas to which the sweet potato belongs. Other possible uses of the 4x hybrids in breeding and genetics of the sweet potato are also discussed.  相似文献   
6.
不同功能群的根部真菌可能会与植物差异性地互作, 并进一步影响地下真菌与植物群落构建。本研究采用Illumina Miseq测序方法检测了海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林中常见植物的根部真菌; 采用网络分析法比较了丛枝菌根(AM)真菌、外生菌根(ECM)真菌, 以及所有根部真菌与植物互作的二分网络(bipartite networks)结构特性。从槭树科、番荔枝科、夹竹桃科、冬青科、棕榈科、壳斗科、樟科和木犀科等8科植物的根系中, 检测到297,831条真菌ITS1序列, 这些序列被划为1,279个真菌分类单元(OTUs), 其中子囊菌门748个、担子菌门354个、球囊菌亚门80个, 以及未知真菌97个。核心根部真菌群落(420个OTUs)中, 至少有三类不同生态功能的真菌常见, 即丛枝菌根真菌(40个OTUs, 占总序列数23.4%)、外生菌根真菌(48个OTUs, 13.9%)和腐生型真菌(83个OTUs, 19.8%)。尖峰岭山地雨林根部真菌-植物互作网络结构特性的指标普遍显著高于/低于假定物种随机互作的零模型期待值。在群落水平, 不同功能型的根部真菌-植物互作网络表现出不同或相反的结构特性, 如丛枝菌根互作网络表现为比零模型预测值高的嵌套性和连接性, 以及比零模型低的专一性, 而外生菌根互作网络呈现出比零模型预测值低的嵌套性和连接性, 以及比零模型高的专一性。在功能群水平, 植物的生态位重叠度在AM互作网络高, 而ECM互作网络低; 真菌的生态位宽度在ECM互作网络窄, 而在AM互作网络较宽。共现(co-occurrence)网络分析进一步揭示, ECM群落的物种对资源的高度种间竞争(植物、真菌高C-score), 以及AM群落的物种无明显种间竞争(低C-score), 可能分别是形成反嵌套ECM互作网络及高嵌套AM互作网络结构的原因。上述结果说明, 尖峰岭山地雨林中至少有两种及以上的种间互作机制调节群落构建: 驱动AM互作网络冗余(nestedness)及ECM互作网络的高生态位分化(专一性)。本研究在同一个森林内探讨了不同功能型的真菌-植物互作特性, 对深入理解热带森林的物种共存机制和生态恢复具有重要意义。  相似文献   
7.
泛素化是一种非常重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰方式,在细胞生命活动的各个方面发挥作用。泛素化修饰是可逆的过程,去泛素化酶通过催化去除底物蛋白质上的泛素从而逆转该过程。去泛素化酶是一类数量众多的蛋白水解酶家族,近年来不断有新的去泛素化酶被发现和报道。鉴于其在细胞功能中的重要作用,去泛素化酶活性受到严格的调控。目前的研究表明,影响去泛素化酶活性的因素很多。本文主要从转录水平的调控、翻译后修饰、蛋白质定位和蛋白质相互作用等调控方式进行论述,以期为研究和利用去泛素化酶治疗疾病提供新思路。  相似文献   
8.
HER2 receptors are surface proteins belonging to the epidermal growth factor family of receptors. Their numbers are elevated in breast, lung, and ovarian cancers. HER2‐positive cancers are aggressive, have higher mortality rate, and have a poor prognosis. We have designed peptidomimetics that bind to HER2 and block the HER2‐mediated dimerization of epidermal growth factor family of receptors. Among these, a symmetrical cyclic peptidomimetic (compound 18 ) exhibited antiproliferative activity in HER2‐overexpressing lung cancer cell lines with IC50 values in the nanomolar concentration range. To improve the stability of the peptidomimetic, d ‐amino acids were introduced into the peptidomimetic, and several analogs of compound 18 were designed. Among the analogs of compound 18 , compound 32 , a cyclic, d ‐amino acid‐containing peptidomimetic, was found to have an IC50 value in the nanomolar range in HER2‐overexpressing cancer cell lines. The antiproliferative activity of compound 32 was also measured by using a 3D cell culture model that mimics the in vivo conditions. The binding of compound 32 to the HER2 protein was studied by surface plasmon resonance. In vitro stability studies indicated that compound 32 was stable in serum for 48 hours and intact peptide was detectable in vivo for 12 hours. Results from our studies indicated that 1 of the d ‐amino acid analogs of 18 , compound 32 , binds to the HER2 extracellular domain, inhibiting the phosphorylation of kinase of HER2.  相似文献   
9.
An organic small-molecular drug, 4-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-(p-tolyl)quinazoline-3-oxide 1a was synthesized. It was employed to investigate the binding interaction and mechanism with human serum albumin (HSA). The experimental results indicated that the fluorescence quenching of HSA by 1a is a static quenching process and formation 1a-HSA complex. The site competition experiments revealed that the combination of 1a on HSA are hydrophobic interactions in the IIA domain and hydrogen bonds in IIIA domain of HSA, and the hydrophobic interactions of 1a on HSA are stronger than that of hydrogen bonds. These results were also confirmed by molecular docking theoretic analysis and ANS-hydrophobic fluorescent probe experiment. Synchronous fluorescence experiments showed that the polarity of HSA microenvironment was increase in the interaction process of 1a with HSA. The results of binding distance explored indicated that the combination distance between 1a and HSA is 3.63 nm, which is between 0.5R0 and 1.5R0, revealing the energy transfer between HSA and 1a is non-radiative. These results are very helpful for people to screen out high efficient indoloquinazoline drugs.  相似文献   
10.
We previously reported a ligand‐independent and rhodopsin‐dependent insulin receptor (IR) neuroprotective signaling pathway in both rod and cone photoreceptor cells, which is activated through protein–protein interaction. Our previous studies were performed with either retina or isolated rod or cone outer segment preparations and the expression of IR signaling proteins were examined. The isolation of outer segments with large portions of the attached inner segments is a technical challenge. Optiprep? density gradient medium has been used to isolate the cells and subcellular organelles, Optiprep? is a non‐ionic iodixanol‐based medium with a density of 1.320 g/mL. We employed this method to examine the expression of IR and its signaling proteins, and activation of one of the downstream effectors of the IR in isolated photoreceptor cells. Identification of the signaling complexes will be helpful for therapeutic targeting in disease conditions.  相似文献   
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