全文获取类型
收费全文 | 23358篇 |
免费 | 2771篇 |
国内免费 | 1504篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 316篇 |
2022年 | 372篇 |
2021年 | 551篇 |
2020年 | 646篇 |
2019年 | 755篇 |
2018年 | 701篇 |
2017年 | 716篇 |
2016年 | 695篇 |
2015年 | 808篇 |
2014年 | 917篇 |
2013年 | 1360篇 |
2012年 | 837篇 |
2011年 | 1131篇 |
2010年 | 982篇 |
2009年 | 1459篇 |
2008年 | 1382篇 |
2007年 | 1439篇 |
2006年 | 1392篇 |
2005年 | 1398篇 |
2004年 | 1262篇 |
2003年 | 1070篇 |
2002年 | 966篇 |
2001年 | 608篇 |
2000年 | 563篇 |
1999年 | 575篇 |
1998年 | 495篇 |
1997年 | 381篇 |
1996年 | 346篇 |
1995年 | 431篇 |
1994年 | 362篇 |
1993年 | 307篇 |
1992年 | 263篇 |
1991年 | 214篇 |
1990年 | 208篇 |
1989年 | 188篇 |
1988年 | 155篇 |
1987年 | 147篇 |
1986年 | 107篇 |
1985年 | 160篇 |
1984年 | 175篇 |
1983年 | 119篇 |
1982年 | 143篇 |
1981年 | 81篇 |
1980年 | 99篇 |
1979年 | 59篇 |
1978年 | 52篇 |
1977年 | 38篇 |
1976年 | 37篇 |
1973年 | 40篇 |
1972年 | 28篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Kevin A. Wood Matthew T. O'Hare Claire McDonald Kate R. Searle Francis Daunt Richard A. Stillman 《Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》2017,92(2):1128-1141
Herbivory is a fundamental process that controls primary producer abundance and regulates energy and nutrient flows to higher trophic levels. Despite the recent proliferation of small‐scale studies on herbivore effects on aquatic plants, there remains limited understanding of the factors that control consumer regulation of vascular plants in aquatic ecosystems. Our current knowledge of the regulation of primary producers has hindered efforts to understand the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems, and to manage such ecosystems effectively. We conducted a global meta‐analysis of the outcomes of plant–herbivore interactions using a data set comprised of 326 values from 163 studies, in order to test two mechanistic hypotheses: first, that greater negative changes in plant abundance would be associated with higher herbivore biomass densities; second, that the magnitude of changes in plant abundance would vary with herbivore taxonomic identity. We found evidence that plant abundance declined with increased herbivore density, with plants eliminated at high densities. Significant between‐taxa differences in impact were detected, with insects associated with smaller reductions in plant abundance than all other taxa. Similarly, birds caused smaller reductions in plant abundance than echinoderms, fish, or molluscs. Furthermore, larger reductions in plant abundance were detected for fish relative to crustaceans. We found a positive relationship between herbivore species richness and change in plant abundance, with the strongest reductions in plant abundance reported for low herbivore species richness, suggesting that greater herbivore diversity may protect against large reductions in plant abundance. Finally, we found that herbivore–plant nativeness was a key factor affecting the magnitude of herbivore impacts on plant abundance across a wide range of species assemblages. Assemblages comprised of invasive herbivores and native plant assemblages were associated with greater reductions in plant abundance compared with invasive herbivores and invasive plants, native herbivores and invasive plants, native herbivores and mixed‐nativeness plants, and native herbivores and native plants. By contrast, assemblages comprised of native herbivores and invasive plants were associated with lower reductions in plant abundance compared with both mixed‐nativeness herbivores and native plants, and native herbivores and native plants. However, the effects of herbivore–plant nativeness on changes in plant abundance were reduced at high herbivore densities. Our mean reductions in aquatic plant abundance are greater than those reported in the literature for terrestrial plants, but lower than aquatic algae. Our findings highlight the need for a substantial shift in how biologists incorporate plant–herbivore interactions into theories of aquatic ecosystem structure and functioning. Currently, the failure to incorporate top‐down effects continues to hinder our capacity to understand and manage the ecological dynamics of habitats that contain aquatic plants. 相似文献
2.
The insulin receptor (IR) binds insulin and plays important roles in glucose homeostasis by regulating the tyrosine kinase activity at its C-terminus. Its transmembrane domain (TMD) is shown to be important for transferring conformational changes induced by insulin across the cell membrane to regulate kinase activity. In this study, a construct IR940–988 containing the TMD was expressed and purified for structural studies. Its solution structure in dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles was determined. The sequence containing residues L962 to Y976 of the TMD of the IR in micelles adopts a well-defined helical structure with a kink formed by glycine and proline residues present at its N-terminus, which might be important for its function. Paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) and relaxation experimental results suggest that residues following the TMD are flexible and expose to aqueous solution. Although purified IR940–988 in micelles existed mainly as a monomeric form verified by gel filtration and relaxation analysis, cross-linking study suggests that it may form a dimer or oligomers under micelle conditions. 相似文献
3.
目的:探讨Lenke II型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者内固定冠状面失衡相关因素分析。方法:选取我院骨科已确诊为Lenke II青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者60例,根据术前脊柱柔韧度、risser分级水平、支具支持治疗、椎体融合数、内固定系统选择等多方面影响因素对内固定后冠状面失平衡情况发生率进行分析评估,其数据结果应用统计学软件SPSS 17.0处理。结果:对术后患者评估比较,多种因素均可影响内固定后冠状面失平衡情况发生,表现为:脊柱柔韧度低、risser分级高、长时间支具佩戴、延长融合椎体范围、先进钉棒系统方案选择均可明显提高术后疗效,降低内固定后冠状面失平衡情况发生率(P0.05),其结果均有统计学意义。结论:临床上通过对患者脊柱柔韧度、risser分级情况评估来判断脊柱成熟度,并在术后积极支具辅助治疗,选用钉棒固定系统并延长融合椎体节段,可明显降低内固定后冠状面失平衡情况发生,提高远期随访疗效。 相似文献
4.
目的:为阐明微生物群落演替及功能与浸出效率之间关系奠定基础,以及如何提高黄铜矿生物浸出效率和铜回收率提供理
论依据。方法:通过连续传代培养进行驯化,使得复合菌群的矿浆浓度耐受能力达到25 %(w/v)。采用该复合菌群在25 %矿浆浓
度下浸出黄铜矿,同时利用变性梯度凝胶电泳和克隆文库技术分析浸出过程中的微生物多样性。最后,采用实时荧光定量PCR 对
浸出过程中微生物群落结构进行定量解析。结果:28天内黄铜矿浸出率能够达到95.1 %,而驯化前的浸出率只有51.5%。该复合
菌群主要由Acidithiobacillus caldus, Sulfobacillus acidophilus,和Fereoplasma theroplasma thermophilum组成,其中Acidithbacillus caldus是浸出前期和后期的优势种群,而Sulfobacillus acidophilus在浸出中期均有竞争优势, Ferroplasma thermophilum在整个浸出过程中占
据整个群落的比例均较低。结论:本研究获得的复合菌群具有较强的浸出黄铜矿能力, Acidithiobacillus caldus和Sulfobacillus acidophilus在浸出过程中起着重要的作用,pH 值和铜浸出率与群落结构相关性较高。 相似文献
5.
Gymnodiptychus dybowskii is endemic to Xinjiang, China and has been locally listed as protected animals. To investigate its genetic diversity and structure, specimens were collected from six localities in Yili River system and Kaidu River. Fragments of 1092bp Cyt b gene were sequenced for 116 individuals. A total of 21 haplotypes were found in all samples, and no haplotype was shared between Yili River system and Kaidu River population. Sequence comparisons revealed 123 variable sites, with eight singleton sites and 115 parsimony informative sites. For all the populations examined, the haplotype diversity (h) was 0.8298 ± 0.0226, nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.2521 ± 0.1202, and average number of pairwise nucleotide differences (k) was 275.3369 ± 118.5660. AMOVA analysis showed that the differences were significant for total populations except for Yili River system populations. The pairwise Fst values revealed same conclusion with AMOVA analysis: Kaidu River population was divergent from Yili River system populations. The genetic distance between two groups was 0.108 and the divergence time was estimated at 5.4–6.6 Ma, the uplift of Tianshan Mountain might have separated them and resulted in the genetic differentiation. The neutrality test and mismatch analysis indicated that both two groups of G. dybowskii had went through population expansion, the expansion time of Yili River system and Kaidu River population was estimated at 0.5859–0.7146 Ma and 0.5151–0.6282 Ma, respectively. The climate changes of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau might have influenced the demographic history of G. dybowskii. 相似文献
6.
7.
Buddleja crispa Benth. is one of the most morphologically variable species in genus Buddleja, and it is widely distributed in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains (HHM) region. This study used AFLPs as a tool to examine the genetic variation among and within 25 populations of B. crispa. Analysis of population genetics of the species aimed to clarify morphological variation, current distribution patterns, strong adaptability to habitats, and the effects of geological factors in the HHM region. The genetic structure results, based on PCoA and NJ cluster analyses, revealed that the populations of B. crispa were divided into two genetic groups. Furthermore, the peripheral populations had lower genetic diversity than the populations in the center of the distribution areas (Three Parallel Rivers). We conclude that the gene flow (predominantly seed and pollen flow) and the population differentiation of B. crispa might be more affected by the barriers formed by rivers and mountains than by geographic distance. 相似文献
8.
Sergio Couoh-Cardel Elena Milgrom Stephan Wilkens 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2015,290(46):27959-27971
The membrane sector (Vo) of the proton pumping vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase, V1Vo-ATPase) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was purified to homogeneity, and its structure was characterized by EM of single molecules and two-dimensional crystals. Projection images of negatively stained Vo two-dimensional crystals showed a ring-like structure with a large asymmetric mass at the periphery of the ring. A cryo-EM reconstruction of Vo from single-particle images showed subunits a and d in close contact on the cytoplasmic side of the proton channel. A comparison of three-dimensional reconstructions of free Vo and Vo as part of holo V1Vo revealed that the cytoplasmic N-terminal domain of subunit a (aNT) must undergo a large conformational change upon enzyme disassembly or (re)assembly from Vo, V1, and subunit C. Isothermal titration calorimetry using recombinant subunit d and aNT revealed that the two proteins bind each other with a Kd of ∼5 μm. Treatment of the purified Vo sector with 1-palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] resulted in selective release of subunit d, allowing purification of a VoΔd complex. Passive proton translocation assays revealed that both Vo and VoΔd are impermeable to protons. We speculate that the structural change in subunit a upon release of V1 from Vo during reversible enzyme dissociation plays a role in blocking passive proton translocation across free Vo and that the interaction between aNT and d seen in free Vo functions to stabilize the Vo sector for efficient reassembly of V1Vo. 相似文献
9.
目的:研究应用椎弓根螺钉置入内固定系统治疗胸腰段骨折脱位患者的临床效果。方法:回顾分析我院52例胸腰段骨折脱位患者临床资料,应用椎弓根螺钉置入内固定系统治疗,对比实施内固定前后及随访1年后脊柱损伤、骨折复位的恢复情况,Cobb角、前缘高度百分比、后缘高度百分比、矢状位指数、楔变指数、VAS评分。结果:各时期A级比例,无统计学意义(P0.05)。B-E级中,治疗后、随访1年与治疗前相较,差异具有显著性(P0.05),随访1年与治疗后相较,无统计学意义(P0.05)。后缘高度在治疗前后、随访1年中对比,无统计学意义(P0.05)。前缘高度、Cobb角在治疗后、随访1年中与治疗前相较,差异具有显著性(P0.05),前缘高度、Cobb角在治疗后、随访1年中对比,无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后、随访1年矢状位指数、楔变指数、VAS评分与治疗前相较,呈显著差异(P0.01),但随访1年与治疗后相较,无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:胸腰段骨折脱位患者应用椎弓根螺钉置入内固定系统治疗效果显著,应予推广。 相似文献
10.