首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   3578篇
  免费   454篇
  国内免费   172篇
  2023年   95篇
  2022年   80篇
  2021年   132篇
  2020年   150篇
  2019年   150篇
  2018年   154篇
  2017年   133篇
  2016年   169篇
  2015年   129篇
  2014年   195篇
  2013年   260篇
  2012年   135篇
  2011年   242篇
  2010年   127篇
  2009年   211篇
  2008年   186篇
  2007年   171篇
  2006年   148篇
  2005年   136篇
  2004年   139篇
  2003年   101篇
  2002年   98篇
  2001年   86篇
  2000年   56篇
  1999年   59篇
  1998年   55篇
  1997年   52篇
  1996年   51篇
  1995年   56篇
  1994年   44篇
  1993年   47篇
  1992年   29篇
  1991年   31篇
  1990年   21篇
  1989年   29篇
  1988年   20篇
  1987年   12篇
  1986年   15篇
  1985年   17篇
  1984年   27篇
  1983年   24篇
  1982年   27篇
  1981年   13篇
  1980年   12篇
  1979年   12篇
  1978年   5篇
  1977年   10篇
  1976年   10篇
  1975年   7篇
  1973年   9篇
排序方式: 共有4204条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Water pollution from industrial Metro Łódź (ML), Poland, made the Ner River almost fishless in its middle-lower course for most of the 19th and 20th century. The new sewage treatment plant of ML and reduction of industry have caused pollution abatement there since the 1990s. As a result, the Ner became repopulated, which was shown by fish samples collected along its course in 2000–2012. Multivariate statistical methods helped distinguish unpolluted (I and II, in the upper course), and recovered (III, IV and V, in the middle-lower course) sections of the river. Historical and present data indicated that section III (downstream of ML) recovered least, both before and during the study. Section V (outflow one) recovered most and its fish fauna (almost exclusively native) now displays high and stable biomass, abundance and species richness, including those of obligatory riverine species. Non-native Prussian carp's dominance followed the river degradation gradient, i.e. was highest in section III, and in section V declined to almost absence. This study shows that the revival of native fish fauna seems to be a method of restricting the dominance of this highly tolerant species. Despite the abatement, storm events are very harmful to fish (mostly in section III), because the Ner discharge may then increase manifold and all storm water is drained by the ML combined sewer system to the Ner in several hours. Other stressors are numerous dams and desorption of pollutants from sediment in the middle Ner, and perhaps pollutant inflow from agriculture or local urban areas. Some moderation of storm impact on water entering the Ner from ML by constructing buffer reservoirs would probably cause further fish recovery in section III.  相似文献   
2.
In the last few years, there has been an intense interest in using microalgal lipids in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries and cosmetology, while a noteworthy research has been performed focusing on all aspects of microalgal lipid production. This includes basic research on the pathways of solar energy conversion and on lipid biosynthesis and catabolism, and applied research dealing with the various biological and technical bottlenecks of the lipid production process. In here, we review the current knowledge in microalgal lipids with respect to their metabolism and various biotechnological applications, and we discuss potential future perspectives.  相似文献   
3.
S. Mizuta  M. Kaneko  S. Tsurumi 《Planta》1995,196(1):190-192
The effects of cold treatment on the cortical microtubules (MTs) of Chaetomorpha moniligera Kjellman were investigated by immunofluorescence microscopy. Cortical MTs in Chaetomorpha thallus are arranged longitudinally. In this study, 70–75% of MTs disassembled within 4 h on ice while the others remained stable under these conditions. Reticulate background immunofluorescence, assumed to indicate the presence of a tubulin monomer, was distributed about the stable MTs. Immunofluorescence was prominent in only 50% of the cells. Tubulin polymerization was noted where the background and MT immunofluorescence was strong. New MTs grew transversely as single strings or clusters from the sides of MTs after cold treatment for 4 h and elongated with time to take on a reticulate form at 24 h. The significance of this tubulin polymerization under cold treatment is discussed.Abbreviations MT microtubule - MTOC microtubule-organizing center  相似文献   
4.
Hemizygous mottled brindled mice (Mobr/y mice) were treated by subcutaneous injection of copper and were decapitated on postnatal day 14. Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity of the brain mitochondria in the mice given 10 micrograms of copper/g on day 4 or 7 showed significant increases compared with that of untreated Mobr/y animals, and these mice had no neurological symptoms. Mice given 10 micrograms of copper/g on day 12 showed neither increases in COX activity nor clinical improvement. The brain levels of copper, noradrenaline, and dopamine in the mice treated on day 12 were the same as those in animals treated on day 4 or 7. The in vitro activities of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase of the brain were also the same among the treated mice, irrespective of the date of treatment. The results indicate that delays in copper treatment produce irreversible changes in COX activity of the brain and lead to clinical unresponsiveness to treatment.  相似文献   
5.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an incidence rate nearly equal to its mortality rate. The poor prognosis of the disease can be explained by the absence of effective biomarkers for screening and early detection, together with the aggressive behavior and resistance to the currently available chemotherapy. The therapeutic failure can also be attributed to the inter-/intratumor genetic heterogeneity and the abundance of tumor stroma that occupies the majority of the tumor mass. Gemcitabine is used in the treatment of PDAC; however, the response rate is less than 12%. A recent phase III trial revealed that the combination of oxaliplatin, irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin could be an option for the treatment of metastatic PDAC patients with good performance status, although these approaches can result in high toxicity level. Further investigations are required to develop innovative anticancer agents that either improve gemcitabine activity, within novel combinatorial approaches or acts with a better efficacy than gemcitabine. The aim of the current review is to give an overview of preclinical and clinical studies targeting key dysregulated signaling pathways in PDAC.  相似文献   
6.
Olive oil history,production and by-product management   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
In this review paper, the history of the olive tree and the development of the main olive oil extraction systems employed in the past are presented. Furthermore, the management techniques employed from antiquity until today for the treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMW), which constitutes the most important by-product of olive oil production, are addressed and compared. Reference is also made to global olive oil production, the environmental impacts of the uncontrolled disposal of OMW, and to the legal framework concerning its management in the main olive oil producing countries. Other by-products of olive processing are also discussed.  相似文献   
7.
新型能源植物浮萍的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
能源需求以及化石能源所产生的环境问题已引起全世界的重视,而浮萍作为一种极具应用潜力生产生物燃料的非粮淀粉原料,目前已受到越来越多的关注。对能源浮萍的生长特性、遗传学和生化方面及其主要应用现状进行综述,并展望浮萍未来的发展前景。  相似文献   
8.
Animal-assisted therapies (AATs) are not widely promoted in routine mental healthcare but represent a viable treatment option given positive perceptions of pets and growing evidence that animals provide meaningful contribution to psychological wellbeing. Relatively little is known about the general public's attitude toward AATs, especially in relation to more commonly used alternatives. This study compared the acceptability of four different treatment options (AAT, medication, psychotherapy, and no active treatment) for common externalizing behaviors in children. Parents from a community sample (N = 189) were presented with vignettes describing a child with symptoms of an externalizing behavior disorder and were asked to rate the acceptability of the four different treatment options. Participants rated AAT as a highly acceptable form of treatment and more acceptable than no active treatment and medication. However, AAT was rated as less acceptable than psychotherapy. Experiences with animals (both positive and negative) were unrelated to the acceptability of AAT. These findings suggest that AAT is viewed as a highly acceptable form of treatment for common externalizing behaviors and should be more systematically investigated as a treatment for children's mental health problems.  相似文献   
9.
在污水处理领域,藻菌共生有同步脱氮、除磷效率高、排放温室气体量低、生物质可资源化回收等优势,近年来受到学者的重视。目前鲜有综述污水处理中藻类与细菌、真菌及混合藻菌间互作机制的文章。本文从藻类-细菌、藻类-真菌、混合藻-混合菌3个方面介绍藻菌共生处理污水的研究进展,重点阐述藻菌间营养物质交换、信号传导及生物絮凝3种不同互作机制,总结污水处理中常见的藻菌共生生物反应器及其应用效果,并从互作机理研究、规模化应用及生物质回收利用的角度展望了今后的研究方向。  相似文献   
10.
Myc  Andrzej  Vanhecke  Thomas  Landers  Jeffrey J.  Hamouda  Tarek  Baker  James R. 《Mycopathologia》2003,155(4):195-201
Surfactant nanoemulsions are water in oil preparations that proved to have a broad spectrum biocidal activity against a variety of microorganisms including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, spores and enveloped viruses. These preparations are non-toxic to the skin, mucous membrane and gastrointestinal tissues at biocidal concentrations. In this study, 0.1% of the nanoemulsion designated X8W60PC has shown fungicidal activity against yeast including Candida albicans and C. tropicalis in 15 minutes. C. tropicalis was more sensitive than C. albicans, which required a longer time or a higher concentration of the nanoemulsion to achieve killing. Neutral to slightly alkaline pH was more effective in killing the yeast cells than acidic pH. Using the minimum inhibitory concentration assay, 0.08% of the nanoemulsion was inhibitory to C. albicans, and parapsilosis and filamentous fungi including Microsporum gypseum,Trichophyton mentagrophytes,Trichophyton rubrum,Aspergillus fumigatus andFusarium oxysporum.None of the individual ingredients was as effective a fungicidal as the nanoemulsion at equivalent concentration. This shows that the nanoemulsion structure is an important factor in the anti-fungal activity. The X8W60PC has great potential as a topical anti-fungal agent and further investigation into the mechanism of fungicidal action is warranted.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号