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1 In 1997, we ran two Malaise insect traps in each of four stands of wet forest in Costa Rica (two old‐growth and two 20‐year‐old stands) and four stands of moist forest in Panama (old‐growth, 20, 40 and 120‐year‐old stands). 2 Wet forest traps caught 2.32 times as many ichneumonoids as moist forest traps. The average catch per old‐growth trap was 1.89 times greater than the average catch per second‐growth trap. 3 Parasitoids of lepidopteran larvae were caught in higher proportions in the wet forest, while pupal parasitoids were relatively more active in the moist forest. 4 We hypothesize that moisture availability is of key importance in determining parasitoid activity, community composition and trophic interactions. 相似文献
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Two new species of the parasitoid wasp genus Spathius Nees (Braconidae: Doryctinae) from Mexico, S. mexicanus
sp. n. and S. chamelae
sp. n., are described and illustrated. These represent the second and third described species of this highly diverse Old World genus in the Neotropics, and the first described species recorded for the Mexican territory. 相似文献
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A new species of the ichneumonid subfamily Labeninae, Apechoneura seminigrasp. n., is described. Specimens were collected from the Amazon Rainforest of Colombia. 相似文献
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Andrés Fabián Herrera-Flórez 《ZooKeys》2014,(389):27-33
The genus Grotea has 18 described species. A new species, Grotea villosissima
sp. n., is described here and its host information included. This is the first record of Grotea for Colombia. 相似文献
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Ana M. C. Santos Donald L. J. Quicke Paulo A. V. Borges Joaquín Hortal 《Journal of Biogeography》2011,38(9):1657-1667
Aim To examine whether island parasitoid faunas are biased towards generalists when compared with the mainland and their species pool, and to evaluate the effects of climate, island characteristics and regional factors on the relative proportions of idiobionts (i.e. generalists) and koinobionts (i.e. specialists) of two parasitic wasp families, Braconidae and Ichneumonidae. Location Seventy‐three archipelagos distributed world‐wide. Methods We used data on the distribution and biology obtained from a digital catalogue and several literature sources. We related level of generalism, measured as the ratio between the number of idiobiont and koinobiont species, to climatic, physiographic and regional factors using generalized linear models. We compared models by means of Akaike weighting, and evaluated the spatial structure of their residuals. We used partial regressions to determine whether the final models account for all latitudinal structure in the level of generalism. Results Islands host comparatively more idiobionts than continental areas. Although there is a latitudinal gradient in the level of generalism of island faunas correlating with both environmental factors and island characteristics, the most important determinant of island community structure is their source pool. This effect is stronger for ichneumonids, where generalism is higher in the Indomalayan region, arguably due to the higher diversity of endophytic hosts in its large rain forests. Main conclusions The level of generalism of island parasitoid faunas is largely constrained by regional factors, namely by the structure of the species pool, which emphasizes the importance of including regional processes in our understanding of the functioning of ecological communities. The fact that generalist species are more predominant in islands with a large cover of rain forests pinpoints the importance of the indirect effects of ecological requirements on community structure, highlighting the complex nature of geographical gradients of diversity. 相似文献
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Habitat Considerations for Parasitic Wasps (Hymenoptera) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mark R. Shaw 《Journal of Insect Conservation》2006,10(2):117-127
Parasitic wasps operate at a high trophic level and, because of their biology, tend to be highly specialised, sometimes having
very narrow host ranges with at least local monophagy a frequent outcome. These features, in addition to our poor state of
autecological knowledge, render them particularly vulnerable in conservation terms and suggest that their habitat needs should
be analysed differently from those of most other insects. The basic life history of parasitic wasps and some of the ways in
which they interact with host populations and in communities are outlined. Then, against a background of very limited autecological
data, and therefore somewhat speculatively, habitat parameters that seem likely to be of importance to parasitoids are discussed,
largely by reference to the host relations and ecology of ichneumonoid parasitoids of Lepidoptera in N. W. Europe. Some considerations
of environmental change are included. 相似文献