辽宁省菜田生态系统组分优势值与系统优势度分析

辽宁省菜田生态系统组分优势值与系统优势度分析周宝利，葛晓光李宁义（沈阳农业大学园艺系，１１０１６１）（沈阳市城建中专，１１００１３）ＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｎＳｕｐｅｒｉｏｒｉｔｙＶａｌｕｅａｎｄＤｏｍｉｎａｎｃｅＤｅｇｒｅｅｏｆＶａｒｉｏｕｓＣｏｍｐｏｎ...     

How to induce defense responses in wild plant populations? Using bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) as example

Inducible plant defense is a beneficial strategy for plants, which imply that plants should allocate resources from growth and reproduction to defense when herbivores attack. Plant ecologist has often studied defense responses in wild populations by biomass clipping experiments, whereas laboratory and greenhouse experiments in addition apply chemical elicitors to induce defense responses. To investigate whether field ecologists could benefit from methods used in laboratory and greenhouse studies, we established a randomized block‐design in a pine‐bilberry forest in Western Norway. We tested whether we could activate defense responses in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) by nine different treatments using clipping (leaf tissue or branch removal) with or without chemical treatment by methyljasmonate (MeJA). We subsequently measured consequences of induced defenses through vegetative growth and insect herbivory during one growing season. Our results showed that only MeJA‐treated plants showed consistent defense responses through suppressed vegetative growth and reduced herbivory by leaf‐chewing insects, suggesting an allocation of resources from growth to defense. Leaf tissue removal reduced insect herbivory equal to the effect of the MeJa treatments, but had no negative impact on growth. Branch removal did not reduce insect herbivory or vegetative growth. MeJa treatment and clipping combined did not give an additional defense response. In this study, we investigated how to induce defense responses in wild plant populations under natural field conditions. Our results show that using the chemical elicitor MeJA, with or without biomass clipping, may be a better method to induce defense response in field experiments than clipping of leaves or branches that often has been used in ecological field studies.     

Changes in biosynthesis of exopolysaccharide in Lactococcus lactis subspecies cremoris treated by moderate pulsed electric field treatment

Metabolome analysis and physicochemical analyses were executed with cell extracts of a Lactococcus lactis subspecies cremoris strain treated by moderate pulsed electric field (PEF) to elucidate the mechanism of enhanced production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) by the treatment. Metabolome analysis by capillary electrophoresis time of flight mass spectrometry annotated 224 metabolites from the cytoplasmic extract of the strain, which, however, showed no significant changes in metabolites related to the EPS production. Electron microscopic observation and chemical analysis of undecaprenoids as carrier of EPS biosynthetic intermediates suggested that PEF treatment dissociated immature EPSs from the intermediates due to the focal electro-condensation of hydrogen ions at the cell surface. Thus, liberated undecaprenyl phosphates were recycled efficiently, which resulted in mass increase of EPS with smaller molecular weight. The study suggested the feasibility of moderate PEF treatment as a food processing technique and revealed the mechanism of enhanced production of EPS by the treatment.     

Magnetic field therapy in patients with cytostatics‐induced polyneuropathy: A prospective randomized placebo‐controlled phase‐III study

No causal treatment for chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is known. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a therapy for CIPN. Only scarce clinical data are available concerning magnetic field therapy (MFT) in this context. We conducted a unicentric, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled phase‐III trial of an MFT device versus placebo. In this study, we randomized 44 patients with CIPN to two treatment groups, where 21 patients were treated with MFT (Group 1) and 23 patients received placebo (Group 2). We evaluated the efficacy of MFT at baseline (T₁), after 3 weeks of study treatment (T₂), and after 3 months of study treatment (T₃). The primary endpoint was nerve conduction velocity (NCV), while secondary endpoints were the Common Toxicity Criteria (CTCAE) score and the Pain Detect End Score at T₃. Seventeen of the patients in Group 1 and 14 patients in Group 2 completed the respective study treatment. The primary endpoint, significant improvement of NCV at T₃, was achieved by MFT (P = 0.015), particularly for sensory neurotoxicity of the peroneal nerve. Also, in respect to the secondary endpoints, significant improvement (P = 0.04) was achieved in terms of the patients’ subjectively perceived neurotoxicity (CTCAE score), but not of neuropathic pain (P = 0.11). From data in the randomized study presented here, a positive effect on the reduction of neurotoxicity can be assumed for the MFT device. Patients with sensory neurotoxicity in the lower limbs, especially, should therefore be offered this therapy. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:85–94, 2017. © 2016 The Authors. Bioelectromagnetics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

传统稻鱼系统中“田鲤鱼”的形态特征

稻田养鱼是一种重要的传统农业系统,养殖在稻田中的鲤鱼,在长期的自然选择和人工选择下逐渐形成了适应于稻田浅水环境的“田鲤鱼”.本研究以具有千年历史的全球重要农业文化遗产系统“青田稻鱼共生系统”和“从江稻鱼鸭系统”的青田田鱼和从江田鱼为范例,通过采样对两种“田鲤鱼”进行传统形态学分析和地标几何形态学分析;采用线粒体基因构建系统发育树;通过数据库数据提取和采样测量对两种“田鲤鱼”和其他常见鲤鱼种群或品系进行传统形态学聚类分析.传统形态学分析和地标几何形态学分析表明,青田田鱼和从江田鱼在形态上存在差异,与青田田鱼相比,从江田鱼尾部长而窄,体型较细长,尾部长度占身体长度比例小.对这两种田鱼及养殖于其他水体的其他鲤鱼种群进行系统发育树分析表明,青田田鱼和从江田鱼在遗传上是独立的种群;但形态聚类分析表明,这两种田鱼归为一类,明显不同于其他鲤鱼种群或品系,与其他鲤鱼种群的差异主要表现在背鳍和尾鳍上.这些研究结果说明,长期生活在稻田环境的青田田鱼和从江田鱼在遗传和形态上均明显不同于其他水体养殖鲤鱼种群,且青田田鱼和从江田鱼之间形态上存在差异.     

脉冲电场作用对植物释放负离子与气孔特征的关系

植物在自然状态下释放负离子的能力很弱,施加脉冲电场可激发其释放能力。在密闭的玻璃箱中,研究紫背竹芋(Stromanthe sanguinea)、绒叶肖竹芋(Calathea zebrina)和朱顶红(Hippeastrum rutilum)在常态、脉冲电场和光照刺激下释放负离子的浓度,并观察叶片气孔特征,结果表明:(1)不同参数脉冲电场对植物释放负离子的能力影响不同,每种植物均具有高效释放负离子的最佳脉冲电场,紫背竹芋为A3B3C3(A3,U=1.5×104 V;B3,T=1.5 s;C3,?=65 ms);绒叶肖竹芋为A3B4C1(A3,U=1.5×104 V;B4,T=2.0 s;C1,?=5 ms);朱顶红为A4B4C1(A4,U=2.0×104 V;B4,T=2.0 s;C1,?=5 ms)。(2)植物体上所储存的电压越大,其释放负离子的能力越强。(3)脉冲电场作用时,植物释放负离子的能力与光照度呈正相关;无电场刺激时两者差异不显著(P0.05)。(4)植物释放负离子的能力与叶片气孔特征关系密切,脉冲电场作用下叶片气孔的开合度和气孔密度越大,其释放能力越强。