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排序方式: 共有81条查询结果,搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
B. E. Silkstone 《Oecologia》1987,74(1):149-152
Summary Low levels of artificial damage were imposed on the leaves of Betla pubescens and B. pendula in early summer 1985. Sixteen tress were used and the damage was distributed throughout the canopy in two ways. It was either randomly dispersed on the tree, or restricted to a localised region of the canopy. Up to 250 leaves/tree were damaged and the position of control leaves was marked as appropriate. At the end of the summer the experimental and control leaves were collected for analysis. Subsequent patterns of grazing by naturally-occurring herbivores were affected by the previous damage to the foliage. Fewer artificially-damaged leaves received subsequent insect grazing damage. The frequecy distribution of insect damage to previously-damaged leaves was significantly different from that of the control leaves, and less leaf tissue was removed from those experimental leaves which did receive subsequent insect attack. The evidence presented suggests that wound-induced changes in leaf palatability do occur in B. pubescens and B. pendula in the field and that a major role is to disperse the damage throughout the canopy. 相似文献
2.
Phytomelatonin in the leaves and fruits of wild perennial plants 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Phytomelatonin has been documented in numerous flowering plants, mostly in cultivated species consumed by humans. Although frugivorous animals feed on fruits, the phytomelatonin content of these organs has hardly ever been tested in wild plants. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of phytomelatonin in the leaves and fleshy fruits of 31 wild perennial species known to be eaten by herbivorous and frugivorous mammals and birds. Considerable levels of phytomelatonin were found in the leaves of all the tested species, and some contained melatonin in their fruits as well. The melatonin content was found to vary significantly in different life forms (trees, shrubs, and climbers), with trees possessing the highest levels. The analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the phytomelatonin levels in the leaves and the fruits of various species. However, the concentration found in the fruits was generally lower than that found in the leaves of the same species. Despite the presence of phytomelatonin in the fleshy fruits of different families, there was no noticeable common attribute among them. Phytomelatonin was exhibited in both the seeds and the pulp, with no obvious preference for either one. Although it was determined that ingested melatonin enters the bloodstream of birds and mammals, its specific role is still not certain. The potential impact of edible phytomelatonin on the circadian rhythm of herbivores and frugivores is discussed on the basis of these findings. 相似文献
3.
Seasonality of sap-sucking insects (Auchenorrhyncha, Hemiptera) feeding on Ficus (Moraceae) in a lowland rain forest in New Guinea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sap-sucking insects (Auchenorrhyncha, Hemiptera) were sampled quantitatively from the foliage of 15 species of Ficus (Moraceae) in a lowland rain forest in Papua New Guinea. Continuous sampling throughout 12 months produced 61,777 individuals
and 491 species. Two seasonality parameters, circular statistics and Lloyd's index, were calculated for 139 species with a
sample size of more than 36 individuals. Most of the species were present in the adult stage for at least half of the year,
and many of them continuously throughout the year. However, almost all species exhibited marked seasonal changes in abundance.
The abundance peaks of species were scattered throughout most of the year, but more species reached their population maximum
during the wet, especially early wet, season than during the dry season. Overall species richness and abundance of Auchenorrhyncha
were also higher during the wet than the dry season. A significant correlation between seasonality and host specificity was
revealed in the auchenorrhynchan community. In particular, species evenly distributed throughout the year had a tendency to
feed on a larger number of Ficus species than seasonally more restricted species. The seasonality, and the seasonality versus specificity correlation, were
independent of species abundance. Among the most abundant species (n > 300) there was a marginally significant negative correlation between abundance and host specificity, so that polyphagous
species had, on average, larger populations than specialists. There was no similar correlation among rarer species. The Auchenorrhyncha
comprises three feeding guilds, which were also analysed separately. The mesophyll-feeding guild exhibited more pronounced
seasonality than the phloem- and xylem-feeders. This difference could be explained as a part of the overall correlation between
seasonality and host specificity as mesophyll-feeders were significantly more host specific than the other two guilds.
Received: 26 January 1998 / Accepted: 9 March 1998 相似文献
4.
Summary The ecological meaning of size relationships within guilds is still a matter of debate. We analyzed the niches and size relationships in Coleoptera associated with Cardueae host plants. Species were grouped into guilds using distributional data, host records and feeding strategies: a) The species of the genus Larinus are inhabitants of flower heads within the Cynaroideae. Two types of Larinus species were distinguished: one type attacks immature flower heads, the other exploits the floer heads in a more advanced stage. The females of the first group have elongated rostres adapted to piercing through the bracts of closed flower heads, the other group possesses blunt, short rostres. For an oligophagous group of four Larinus species we are able to show that the distribution of average female rostre length is non-random. b) In southern France four stem boring species of the genera Agapanthia and Lixus coexist within the same hosts. The frequency distributions of body length from these species are clearly overdispersed. c) Coexisting species of the folivorous genus Cassida show no differences in body sizes. We conclude that morphometric differences within the investigated guild of endophytic species (Larinus and Agapanthia/Lixus) evolved in response to size of the used plant structures and the size of potentially competing species, a pattern not evident in ectophytic species. We suggest that these differences are part of a general pattern as the evolution of herbivorous guild may strongly depend on the way how the host resource is exploited (endophagy vs ectophagy). So current differences in statements on the organization of herbivore communities could perhaps be reconciled. 相似文献
5.
Gwendolyn L. Waring 《Ecological Research》1988,3(3):205-216
The effects of watering and fertilizer treatments on the vigor and biochemistry of the willow,Salix lasiolepis, and subsequent colonization and survivorship of its gallforming herbivore,Euura lasiolepsis, were investigated in two field experiments. Some plants received low (LW), intermediate (MW) or high (HW) levels of water
as treatments, while others received no (OF), low (LF) or high (HF) fertilizer levels. In the watering experiment, plant protein
concentrations decreased, while growth rate and number of galls per plant increased with increased water treatments. Plant
growth proved to be the best correlate of sawfly attack. Sawfly survivorship increased slightly with greater watering, and
phenol concentrations showed no pattern among treatments. In the fertilization experiment, leaf protein increased with fertilization,
although shoot length, number of galls and survivorship ofE. lasiolepis survivorship were greatest in intermediate treatment plants. In both experiments, plant growth, rather than protein or phenol
levels, was the best predictor of sawfly attack and survivorship.
In a natural experiment with galls on wild plants, galled tissue had significantly greater protein concentrations and lower
phenol concentrations than did ungalled tissue. We suggest that gallformers modify host plant biochemistry within willow galls,
which may explain why the chemical parameters of ambient plant quality we tested were less predictive than plant growth. 相似文献
6.
Synopsis A revitalized view of feeding by herbivorous marine fishes is sought through two questions. First, What characteristics of
major taxa of algae identify them as predictably high or low quality foods? Second, are marine algae valuable foods for fishes
which do not mechanically disrupt cell walls and do not harbor specialized enzymes or microbes capable of lysing cell walls?
Energy, ash and nutrient content of 16 species of marine algae were employed to assess food quality of fleshy red, green,
brown and calcareous red algae. On the basis of ash, calories, total protein and total lipid content, fleshy algae should
be superior to calcareous algae as foods for fishes; in addition, green algae should be superior to brown algae and brown
algae superior to red algae. When the probable digestibility of storage and extracellular carbohydrates is considered, green
and red algae are predicted superior to brown algae as food. Two species of damselfishes (Pomacentridae) from the Gulf of
California,Eupomacentrus rectifraenum andMicrospathodon dorsalis, eat red and green algae and ignore brown and calcareous algae. They feed, therefore, in a fashion consistent with predictions
based only on algal chemistry. These fishes absorb at least 20–24% of the biomass, 57–67% of the protein, 46–56% of the lipid
and 37–44% of the carbohydrate contained in algae eaten in the wild. Since these damselfishes do not masticate their food,
it appears that herbivorous fishes can digest major fractions of algal nutrients without mechanical destruction of algal cells. 相似文献
7.
Dearing MD Skopec MM Bastiani MJ 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology》2006,145(4):419-422
The detoxification systems of mammalian herbivores are thought to have evolved in response to the ingestion of plant secondary compounds. Specialist herbivores consume high quantities of secondary compounds and are predicted to have faster rates of Phase 1 detoxification compared to generalist herbivores. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the performances of a specialist (Neotoma fuscipes) and generalist (Neotoma lepida) herbivore using hypnotic state assays. Herbivores foraging in nature were live trapped and injected with hexobarbital (100 mg/kg). We measured the length of time in the hypnotic state as the time in which the animal was unable to right itself twice in 30 s. The specialist metabolized hexobarbital 1.7 times faster than the generalist (F(1, 19) = 9.31, P = 0.007) as revealed by its significantly shorter time spent in the hypnotic state (56+/-9 min vs. 87+/-8 min, respectively). The results are consistent with the hypothesis that specialists have faster rates of Phase 1 detoxification. This is the first evaluation of the detoxification capability of mammalian herbivores foraging under natural conditions. Hypnotic state assays have broad potential applications to the study of vertebrate-plant interactions. 相似文献
9.
The population density of herbivores depends on the spatial scale as well as the temporal scale. In a small-scale, short-term
experiment, the number of individuals entering from the surrounding area will be most influential in determining the herbivore
density. In large-scale, long-term experiments, however, the density of herbivores will rather be influenced by the survival
rate of individuals inside the field because most of the herbivorous population derives from the parents that developed inside
the field. If we want to predict the large-scale long-term density of herbivores, therefore, emphasis should be placed on
the estimation of survival rate. To elucidate the effects of plant density on the large-scale long-term abundance of cabbage
pests, we examined the survival rates of three lepidopterous pests, the small white butterfly Pieris rapae crucivora Boisduval (Pieridae), the beet semi-looper Autographa nigrisigna (Walker) (Noctuidae), and the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Yponomeutidae) under two levels of plant spacing (sparse plot, 2 m × 2 m interval; dense plot, 0.5 m × 0.5 m
interval). The experiment with four blocks was repeated in two seasons. The number of eggs per plant was larger in the sparse
plots than in the dense plots for all species. The survival rate of eggs and larvae, on the contrary, was lower in the sparse
plots than in the dense plots. The lower survival rate of eggs in the sparse plots was mainly caused by the density dependency,
while the lower survival rate of larvae in the sparse plots was mainly caused by the direct effects of plant density. It was
thus suggested that the density of herbivores may become lower in the sparsely planted field in the long run because of the
higher mortality of larvae.
Received: September 16, 1998 / Accepted: March 22, 1999 相似文献
10.
Seaweeds preferred by herbivorous fishes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
G. Tolentino-Pablico N. Bailly R. Froese C. Elloran 《Journal of applied phycology》2008,20(5):933-938
Marine macrobenthic algae (or seaweeds), epiphytic microalgae, and other aquatic plants constitute the main food items of
marine herbivorous fishes. About 5% of all fish species are herbivorous; only 30% of these are marine, most of them living
in coral reefs. An analysis was performed on all the seaweeds that formed part of the natural diet of these fishes, based
on information contained in FishBase (). The results showed that many coral-reef-associated marine herbivorous fishes, such as the families Blennidae, Kyphosidae
and Siganidae, fed selectively on filamentous and turf fleshy seaweeds, which they prefer over calcareous coralline and encrusting
species. In particular, Chlorophyceae of the genera Cladophora, Enteromorpha and Ulva were preferred by Scartichthys viridis (Blennidae), Girella spp. (Kyphosidae), Sarpa salpa (Sparidae), and Phaeophyceae in the genera Sargassum and Dictyota were preferred by Kyphosus spp. (Kyphosidae) and Siganus spp. (Siganidae). A web-based tool was developed to provide information on plants (algae, seagrasses, terrestrial plants
and fruits) preferred as food by herbivorous fishes (). The tool is intended to assist aquaculturists, conservationists and ecosystem-based fisheries managers. 相似文献