彩色多普勒超声对原位肝移植术后血流动力学研究

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声(CDI)在原位肝移植术后对移植肝血流动力学变化的诊断价值。方法:应用CDI连续观察6例原位肝移植患者移植肝脏形态学变化,肝动脉峰值流速(HAmax)、门静脉及肝静脉平均流速(PVmean,HVmean)等指标,并以30例健康成人男性肝脏的血流动力学参数作为正常对照组。结果:在术后2周内肝脏移植组的HAmax低于正常对照组,1周内表现更为明显;术后1周内移植肝脏组的PVmean高于正常对照组,1周后表现不明显;移植肝脏组的Hvmean与正常对照组相比无明显差异。2周后,HA、PV和HV的血流速度基本上趋于正常。结论:CDI技术对了解肝移植术后移植肝的灌注情况,及早发现肝移植术后早期的并发症有重要意义。     

Chronotherapy in Coronary Heart Disease: Comparison of Two Nitrate Treatments

The purpose of this study was to assess the ischemic burden and the hemodynamic changes during daily activities in patients with coronary heart disease. Three exercise tests were performed during the day (10:00 a.m., 2:00 p.m., 6:00 p.m.), recording ST-segment depression, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure, and cardiac output as well as heart rate and systemic blood pressure during placebo and nitrate therapy. With placebo as well as nitrate therapy there was a gradual increase of ischemia and preload and a decrease of cardiac output during the day. High nitrate concentrations led to a significant reduction of both preload and ST depression with a marked circadian phase dependency of cardiovascular effects.     

Flow-induced Wall Shear Stress in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Part II - Pulsatile Flow Hemodynamics

In continuing the investigation of AAA hemodynamics, unsteady flow-induced stresses are presented for pulsatile blood flow through the double-aneurysm model described in Part I. Physiologically realistic aortic blood flow is simulated under pulsatile conditions for the range of time-average Reynolds numbers 50 h Re m h 300. Hemodynamic disturbance is evaluated for a modified set of indicator functions which include wall pressure ( p w ), wall shear stress ( w ), Wall Shear Stress Gradient (WSSG), time-average wall shear stress ( w *), and time-average Wall Shear Stress Gradient WSSG *. At peak flow, the highest shear stress and WSSG levels are obtained at the distal end of both aneurysms, in a pattern similar to that of steady flow. The maximum values of wall shear stresses and wall shear stress gradients are evaluated as a function of the time-average Reynolds number resulting in a fourth order polynomial correlation. A comparison between numerical predictions for steady and pulsatile flow is presented, illustrating the importance of considering time-dependent flow for the evaluation of hemodynamic indicators.     

5/6th Nephrectomy in Combination with High Salt Diet and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to Induce Chronic Kidney Disease in the Lewis Rat

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global problem. Slowing CKD progression is a major health priority. Since CKD is characterized by complex derangements of homeostasis, integrative animal models are necessary to study development and progression of CKD. To study development of CKD and novel therapeutic interventions in CKD, we use the 5/6th nephrectomy ablation model, a well known experimental model of progressive renal disease, resembling several aspects of human CKD. The gross reduction in renal mass causes progressive glomerular and tubulo-interstitial injury, loss of remnant nephrons and development of systemic and glomerular hypertension. It is also associated with progressive intrarenal capillary loss, inflammation and glomerulosclerosis. Risk factors for CKD invariably impact on endothelial function. To mimic this, we combine removal of 5/6th of renal mass with nitric oxide (NO) depletion and a high salt diet. After arrival and acclimatization, animals receive a NO synthase inhibitor (NG-nitro-L-Arginine) (L-NNA) supplemented to drinking water (20 mg/L) for a period of 4 weeks, followed by right sided uninephrectomy. One week later, a subtotal nephrectomy (SNX) is performed on the left side. After SNX, animals are allowed to recover for two days followed by LNNA in drinking water (20 mg/L) for a further period of 4 weeks. A high salt diet (6%), supplemented in ground chow (see time line Figure 1), is continued throughout the experiment. Progression of renal failure is followed over time by measuring plasma urea, systolic blood pressure and proteinuria. By six weeks after SNX, renal failure has developed. Renal function is measured using ''gold standard'' inulin and para-amino hippuric acid (PAH) clearance technology. This model of CKD is characterized by a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), hypertension (systolic blood pressure>150 mmHg), proteinuria (> 50 mg/24 hr) and mild uremia (>10 mM). Histological features include tubulo-interstitial damage reflected by inflammation, tubular atrophy and fibrosis and focal glomerulosclerosis leading to massive reduction of healthy glomeruli within the remnant population (<10%). Follow-up until 12 weeks after SNX shows further progression of CKD.     

Intermediate fenestrations reduce flow reversal in a silicone model of Stanford Type B aortic dissection

Pulsatile, three-dimensional hemodynamic forces influence thrombosis, and may dictate progression of aortic dissection. Intimal flap fenestration and blood pressure are clinically relevant variables in this pathology, yet their effects on dissection hemodynamics are poorly understood. The goal of this study was to characterize these effects on flow in dissection models to better guide interventions to prevent aneurysm formation and false lumen flow. Silicone models of aortic dissection with mobile intimal flap were fabricated based on patient images and installed in a flow loop with pulsatile flow. Flow fields were acquired via 4-dimensional flow MRI, allowing for quantification and visualization of relevant fluid mechanics. Pulsatile vortices and jet-like structures were observed at fenestrations immediately past the proximal entry tear. False lumen flow reversal was significantly reduced with the addition of fenestrations, from 19.2 ± 3.3% in two-tear dissections to 4.67 ± 1.5% and 4.87 ± 1.7% with each subsequent fenestration. In contrast, increasing pressure did not cause appreciable differences in flow rates, flow reversal, and vortex formation. Increasing the number of intermediate tears decreased flow reversal as compared to two-tear dissection, which may prevent false lumen thrombosis, promoting persistent false lumen flow. Vortices were noted to result from transluminal fluid motion at distal tear sites, which may lead to degeneration of the opposing wall. Increasing pressure did not affect measured flow patterns, but may contribute to stress concentrations in the aortic wall. The functional and anatomic assessment of disease with 4D MRI may aid in stratifying patient risk in this population.     

限制性补液复合去甲肾上腺素对脓毒性休克患者血流动力学及氧代谢的影响

目的:探讨限制性补液复合去甲肾上腺素对脓毒性休克患者血流动力学及氧代谢的影响。方法:将62例脓毒性休克患者按照液体复苏策略随机分为限制性液体复苏(治疗组)和常规液体复苏(对照组),每组各31例。观察和比较复苏前后血流动力学指标、氧代谢指标的变化,记录两组低血压、弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)、多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)、急性呼吸窘迫综合症(ARDS)的发生率及2周病死率。结果:治疗后1 h、3 h、6 h,两组患者CVP、MAP明显升高,HR明显下降(P0.05);治疗后3 h、6 h,治疗组MAP明显低于对照组(P0.05),而两组HR、CVP比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后1 h、3 h、6 h,两组患者PaCO_2、PaO_2、SaO_2、PaO_2/Fi O_2均不同程度改善,治疗组治疗后3 h、6 h PaO_2、PaO_2/Fi O_2明显高于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后3 d,治疗组MODS的发生率较对照组显著降低(P0.05),而两组低血压、ARDS、DIC及2周病死率均无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:限制性液体复合小剂量去甲肾上腺素对脓毒性休克患者有助于维持血流动力学稳定,改善全身氧代谢,减少并发症的发生,改善预后。     

七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼静吸麻醉对急性胆囊炎腹腔镜手术患者麻醉效果、血流动力学及炎性因子的影响

摘要 目的：探讨七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼静吸麻醉对急性胆囊炎腹腔镜手术患者麻醉效果、血流动力学及炎性因子的影响。方法：选取2018年1月到2019年12月期间我院收治的120例急性胆囊炎腹腔镜手术患者,根据信封抽签法分为对照组60例（丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼）和观察组60例（七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼）,对比两组麻醉效果、血流动力学、炎性因子及不良反应。结果：观察组术毕（T5）时间点心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）与麻醉前（T1）比较未见显著性差异（P>0.05）,观察组插管后1 min（T2）~T5时间点HR、MAP高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术后1 d、术后3 d 肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、C反应蛋白水平（CRP）、白介素-6（IL-6）均高于术前,观察组术后1 d、术后3 d CRP、IL-6、TNF-α低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组自主呼吸恢复时间、定向力恢复时间、睁眼时间、言语应答时间均短于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率组间比较无显著性差异（P>0.05）。结论：急性胆囊炎腹腔镜手术患者采用七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼静吸麻醉,麻醉效果较好,可平稳患者血流动力学,减轻炎症应激且安全性较好。     

以每搏量变异度为指导的目标导向液体治疗对肝癌手术患者血流动力学、应激反应及肝肾功能的影响

摘要 目的：观察以每搏量变异度（SVV）为指导的目标导向液体治疗对肝癌手术患者血流动力学、应激反应及肝肾功能的影响。方法：选择2019年4月~2022年1月期间我院收治的肝癌手术患者98例,根据随机数字表法分为对照组[控制性低中心静脉压（CLCVP）指导的目标导向液体治疗,49例]和研究组（SVV为指导的目标导向液体治疗,49例）。对比两组临床指标、血流动力学、肝肾功能指标、应激反应、并发症发生率。结果：研究组的输液量、围术期失血量、围术期输血量少于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术后1d、术后3d谷草转氨酶（AST）、总胆红素（DBIL）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、血尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Cr）均升高后下降,且研究组的变化程度小于对照组（P<0.05）。两组手术开始（T1）~术毕（T4）时间点心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）下降后升高（P<0.05）,T1~T4时间点研究组HR、MAP高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术后1 d、术后3 d皮质醇（Cor）、前列腺素E₂（PGE₂）均升高后下降,且研究组的变化程度小于对照组（P<0.05）。两组并发症发生率对比无差异（P>0.05）。结论：肝癌手术患者选用SVV为指导的目标导向液体治疗,可维持血流动力学稳定,减轻应激反应及肝肾功能损伤。     

平肝熄风汤联合硫酸镁对肝肾阴虚型妊娠期高血压患者血液动力学、糖脂代谢及妊娠结局的影响

摘要 目的：探讨平肝熄风汤联合硫酸镁对肝肾阴虚型妊娠期高血压（GH）患者血液动力学、糖脂代谢及妊娠结局的影响。方法：选取2018年3月~2019年10月期间兰州市第二人民医院收治的GH 患者119例随机分为对照组（n=59）和研究组（n=60）,对照组给予硫酸镁治疗,研究组在对照组的基础上联合平肝熄风汤治疗,比较两组患者疗效、血液动力学、糖脂代谢、血压、心率、中医证候积分及妊娠结局。结果：研究组治疗7 d后的临床总有效率为91.67%（55/60）,明显高于对照组的77.97%（46/59）（P<0.05）。两组治疗7 d后收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压、心率均下降,且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组治疗7 d后心输出量（CO）、心脏指数（CI）均下降,且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组治疗7 d后甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白 （LDL-C）、空腹血糖、总胆固醇（TC）水平降低,高密度脂蛋白 （HDL-C）水平升高（P<0.05）,且研究组变化程度大于对照组（P<0.05）。两组治疗7 d后视物模糊、手足心热、脉弦细数、口干便结、舌红苔少等症状评分均下降,且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。研究组不良妊娠结局发生率低于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论：平肝熄风汤联合硫酸镁治疗肝肾阴虚型GH,疗效显著,可有效改善患者临床症状、血液动力学、糖脂代谢,同时还可减少不良妊娠结局发生率,临床应用价值较高。     

Understanding the fluid mechanics behind transverse wall shear stress

The patchy distribution of atherosclerosis within arteries is widely attributed to local variation in haemodynamic wall shear stress (WSS). A recently-introduced metric, the transverse wall shear stress (transWSS), which is the average over the cardiac cycle of WSS components perpendicular to the temporal mean WSS vector, correlates particularly well with the pattern of lesions around aortic branch ostia. Here we use numerical methods to investigate the nature of the arterial flows captured by transWSS and the sensitivity of transWSS to inflow waveform and aortic geometry. TransWSS developed chiefly in the acceleration, peak systolic and deceleration phases of the cardiac cycle; the reverse flow phase was too short, and WSS in diastole was too low, for these periods to have a significant influence. Most of the spatial variation in transWSS arose from variation in the angle by which instantaneous WSS vectors deviated from the mean WSS vector rather than from variation in the magnitude of the vectors. The pattern of transWSS was insensitive to inflow waveform; only unphysiologically high Womersley numbers produced substantial changes. However, transWSS was sensitive to changes in geometry. The curvature of the arch and proximal descending aorta were responsible for the principal features, the non-planar nature of the aorta produced asymmetries in the location and position of streaks of high transWSS, and taper determined the persistence of the streaks down the aorta. These results reflect the importance of the fluctuating strength of Dean vortices in generating transWSS.