体外反搏治疗小儿急性脑外伤的临床应用分析

目的:探讨以体外反搏为主的综合康复治疗对脑外伤后偏瘫患儿运动功能和日常生活活动能力(ADL)的影响。方法:选择2015年7月至2017年7月我院神经外科收治的脑外伤后偏瘫患儿46例,将其随机分为对照组和治疗组。两组患者均采用常规的康复治疗和护理,对照组采取常规的物理治疗(PT治疗),治疗组患者给予以体外反搏为主的综合康复治疗。于治疗1、3个月后,评价和比较两组患者粗大运动能力(GMFM)评分、精细运动能力(FMFM)评分和日常生活能力(ADL)评分的变化。结果:治疗1、3个月后,两组患儿GMFM、FMFM评分均较治疗前明显增加(均P0.01),而治疗组治疗后GMFM、FMFM评分均明显高于对照组(均P0.01)。两组治疗一个月后ADL总有效率(显效率与有效率之和)分别为90.48%和76.19%,治疗三个月后分别为95.24%和85.71%,治疗组均显著高于对照组(均P0.05)。结论:以体外反搏为主的综合康复治疗有利于促进脑外伤后偏瘫患者ADL及部分运动功能的提高。     

矫形鞋垫联合踝关节持续被动运动用于偏瘫型脑瘫患儿步态稳定性控制的临床研究

目的:探讨矫形鞋垫联合踝关节持续被动运动(CPM)用于偏瘫型脑瘫患儿姿势控制的临床价值。方法:选择2016年6月~2017年6月在我院康复科就诊的56例偏瘫型脑瘫患儿,随机均分成两组。对照组患儿每日行物理治疗(PT)训练,每次共30分钟,每日一次,每周五次。治疗组患儿常规物理治疗训练同对照组,并同时运用足部生物力学矫形技术及踝关节CPM治疗,每次15分钟,角度恒定为-45-45度,每天一次。两组治疗疗程为三个月。治疗结束后,比较两组患儿的儿平衡能力总有效率、GMFM(E功能区评分)、肢体运动功能、踝关节张力及踝关节活动范围的改善情况。结果:两组患儿平衡能力总有效率(显效率与有效率之和)分别为92.9%和67.9%,治疗组明显优于对照组(P0.05)。治疗组治疗后GMFM(E功能区评分比较)明显高于对照组(P0.01),患侧肢体运动功能改善、踝关节张力、踝关节活动范围改善情况均明显优于对照组(P0.05)。结论:矫形鞋垫联合踝关节CPM明显有助于偏瘫型脑瘫患儿姿势控制的治疗。     

Effect of plantarflexion resistance of an ankle-foot orthosis on ankle and knee joint power during gait in individuals post-stroke

Plantarflexion resistance of an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) plays an important role to prevent foot-drop, but its impact on push-off has not been well investigated in individuals post-stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of plantarflexion resistance of an articulated AFO on ankle and knee joint power of the limb wearing the AFO in individuals post-stroke. Gait analysis was performed on 10 individuals with chronic stroke using a Vicon 3-dimensional motion capture system and a Bertec split-belt instrumented treadmill. They walked on the treadmill under 4 plantarflexion resistance levels (S1 < S2<S3 < S4) set on the AFO with resistance adjustable ankle joints. The ankle and knee joint power calculations were performed using Visual3D, and mean values were plotted across a gait cycle. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in the peak ankle joint power generation according to the plantarflexion resistance of the AFO (P = 0.008). No significant differences were found in the knee joint power. Peak ankle joint power generation [Median (IQR: Interquartile range)] were S1: 0.0517 (0.0238–0.1071) W/kg, S2: 0.0342 (0.0132–0.0862) W/kg, S3: 0.0353 (0.0127–0.0821) W/kg, and S4: 0.0234 (0.0087–0.06764) W/kg. Reduction of the peak ankle joint power generation appeared to be related to reduction in the peak plantarflexion angular velocity at late stance due to increases in the plantarflexion resistance of the AFO. This study showed that peak ankle joint power generation was significantly, and somewhat systematically, affected by plantarflexion resistance of the AFO in individuals post-stroke.     

高频超声在脑卒中偏瘫患者周围神经的形态学改变评估中的应用价值研究

摘要 目的：研究应用高频超声对脑卒中偏瘫患者周围神经的形态学改变进行评价。方法：纳入2019年3月-2021年2月脑卒中76例偏瘫患者作为研究对象（研究组）,同时纳入76例健康志愿者作为对照（对照组）。通过高频超声对检测所有研究对象正中神经(MN)在横纹处（MN1）、豌豆骨水平（MN2）、钩骨水平（MN3）、腕横纹上方6 cm（MN4）、肱骨内上髁上4 cm（MN5）、肱骨中点（MN6）6个位点的宽度（W）、厚度（T）及横截面积（CSA）,并检测尺神经（UN）在查肘管处（UN1）、肘管出口（UN2）、肘管入口（UN3）、肱骨内上髁上6 cm处（UN4）、肱骨中点（UN5）、肱骨内上髁下8 cm（UN6）、腕横纹上方6 cm（UN7）及Guyon管处（UN8）8个位点的W、T以及CAS值,并进行比较。结果：两组研究对象性别、年龄、体重、身高、BMI以及高频超声检测MN在不同位点的T值比较无显著差异（P>0.05）;研究组患者高频超声检测MN的6个位点的W值均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;研究组患者MN在MN4、MN5和MN6 3处位点的CAS值均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;研究组患者高频超声在UN1、UN3、UN4、UN5和UN6 5处位点的UN的W值显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;在UN1和UN6 2处位点的UN的T值显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;在UN3和UN52处位点的UN的CAS值显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：通过高频超声评估可以准确获得脑卒中偏瘫患者正中神经和尺神经在不同检测位点的厚度、宽度和横截面积,以此可以用于评价脑卒中偏瘫患者周围神经形态学变化。     

上肢康复机器人联合等速肌力训练对脑卒中恢复期偏瘫患者的康复效果研究

摘要 目的：探讨等速肌力训练联合上肢康复机器人在脑卒中恢复期偏瘫患者中的应用效果。方法：根据随机数字表法,将2020年1月-2022年12月期间合肥市第二人民医院收治的136例脑卒中恢复期偏瘫患者分为对照组（n=68,等速肌力训练）与观察组（n=68,等速肌力训练联合上肢康复机器人干预）。两组均干预3周,观察两组Fugl-Meyer上肢运动功能量表（FMA-UL）评分、改良Barthel指数（MBI）评分、偏瘫Brunnstrom分级、表面肌电图相关指标和生活质量评分变化情况。结果：观察组干预3周后FMA-UL、MBI评分高于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组干预3周后IV级患者例数多于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组干预3周后肱二头肌、肱三头肌、三角肌前束、三角肌中束的均方根值（RMS）和积分肌电值（iEMG）高于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组干预3周后生理职能、躯体疼痛、生理功能、总体健康、精神健康、活力、情感职能、社会功能各维度评分高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：脑卒中恢复期偏瘫患者经等速肌力训练、上肢康复机器人联合干预,可促进偏瘫上肢肌肉激活和运动单位募集同步化,改善上肢肌力,提高患者的生活质量。     

Rescue of Na+ Affinity in Aspartate 928 Mutants of Na+,K+-ATPase by Secondary Mutation of Glutamate 314

The Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase binds Na⁺ at three transport sites denoted I, II, and III, of which site III is Na⁺-specific and suggested to be the first occupied in the cooperative binding process activating phosphorylation from ATP. Here we demonstrate that the asparagine substitution of the aspartate associated with site III found in patients with rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism or alternating hemiplegia of childhood causes a dramatic reduction of Na⁺ affinity in the α1-, α2-, and α3-isoforms of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase, whereas other substitutions of this aspartate are much less disruptive. This is likely due to interference by the amide function of the asparagine side chain with Na⁺-coordinating residues in site III. Remarkably, the Na⁺ affinity of site III aspartate to asparagine and alanine mutants is rescued by second-site mutation of a glutamate in the extracellular part of the fourth transmembrane helix, distant to site III. This gain-of-function mutation works without recovery of the lost cooperativity and selectivity of Na⁺ binding and does not affect the E₁-E₂ conformational equilibrium or the maximum phosphorylation rate. Hence, the rescue of Na⁺ affinity is likely intrinsic to the Na⁺ binding pocket, and the underlying mechanism could be a tightening of Na⁺ binding at Na⁺ site II, possibly via movement of transmembrane helix four. The second-site mutation also improves Na⁺,K⁺ pump function in intact cells. Rescue of Na⁺ affinity and Na⁺ and K⁺ transport by second-site mutation is unique in the history of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase and points to new possibilities for treatment of neurological patients carrying Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase mutations.     

Relationship between neuromuscular fatigue and spasticity in chronic stroke patients: A pilot study

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to assess the effects of neuromuscular fatigue on stretch reflex-related torque and electromyographic activity of spastic knee extensor muscles in hemiplegic patients. The second aim was to characterize the time course of quadriceps muscle fatigue during repetitive concentric contractions.MethodsEighteen patients performed passive, isometric and concentric isokinetic evaluations before and after a fatigue protocol using an isokinetic dynamometer. Voluntary strength and spasticity were evaluated following the simultaneous recording of torque and electromyographic activity of rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps femoris (BF).ResultsIsometric knee extension torque and the root mean square (RMS) value of VL decreased in the fatigued state. During the fatigue protocol, the normalized peak torque decreased whereas the RMS of RF and BF increased between the first five and last five contractions. There was a linear decrease in the neuromuscular efficiency-repetitions relationships for RF and VL. The peak resistive torque and the normalized RMS of RF and VL during passive stretching movements were not modified by the fatigue protocol for any stretch velocity.DiscussionThis study showed that localized quadriceps muscle fatigue caused a decrease in voluntary strength which did not modify spasticity intensity. Changes in the distribution of muscle fiber type, with a greater number of slow fibers on the paretic side, may explain why the stretch reflex was not affected by fatigue.     

康复护理干预有助于颅脑外伤术后偏瘫患者的恢复

为探讨基于康复教育护理团队实施康复护理对颅脑外伤术后偏瘫患者生活能力及神经功能恢复的影响,本研究选取96例颅脑外伤术后偏瘫患者,随机分为对照组与观察组各48例,对照组采用常规护理,观察组应用基于康复教育护理团队的康复护理。通过比较两组干预前后日常生活能力评分(ADL)、Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表(FMA)评分及美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)的变化,采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)及抑郁自评量表(SDS)评定干预前后患者心理状态的变化,并统计两组护理期间并发症发生率。研究发现,干预8周,两组轻度依赖、中度依赖所占比例上升,重度依赖、完全依赖所占比例下降,观察组轻度依赖所占比例高于对照组,完全依赖所占比例高于对照组(p<0.05);干预8周,两组FMA表感觉、运动功能、关节活动度、疼痛、平衡等维度评分均上升,观察组各维度评分上升幅度高于对照组(p<0.05),两组NIHSS评分、SAS评分、SDS评分均降低,观察组上述量表评分低于对照组(p<0.05)。观察组护理期间并发症发生率略低于对照组,但比较差异无统计学意义(p<0.05)。本研究证实,对颅脑外伤术后偏瘫患者采用基于康复教育护理团队的康复护理模式可改善患者日常生活能力、运动功能及神经功能,纠正患者不良情绪。     

Impact of the EMG normalization method on muscle activation and the antagonist-agonist co-contraction index during active elbow extension: Practical implications for post-stroke subjects

Electromyographic (EMG) raw signals are sensitive to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Consequently, EMG normalization is required to draw proper interpretations of standardized data. Specific recommendations are needed regarding a relevant EMG normalization method for participants who show atypical EMG patterns, such as post-stroke subjects. This study compared three EMG normalization methods (“isometric MVC”, “isokinetic MVC”, “isokinetic MVC kinematic-related”) on muscle activations and the antagonist-agonist co-contraction index. Fifteen post-stroke subjects and fifteen healthy controls performed active elbow extensions, followed by isometric and isokinetic maximum voluntary contractions (MVC). Muscle activations were obtained by normalizing EMG envelopes during active movement using a reference value determined for each EMG normalization method. The results showed no significant difference between the three EMG normalization methods in post-stroke subjects on muscle activation and the antagonist-agonist co-contraction index. We highlighted that the antagonist-agonist co-contraction index could underestimate the antagonist co-contraction in the presence of atypical EMG patterns. Based on its practicality and feasibility, we recommend the use of isometric MVC as a relevant procedure for EMG normalization in post-stroke subjects. We suggest combined analysis of the antagonist-agonist co-contraction index and agonist and antagonist activations to properly investigate antagonist co-contraction in the presence of atypical EMG patterns during movement.     

低频重复经颅磁刺激联合Bobath疗法对脑卒中偏瘫患者神经功能、运动功能及平衡能力的影响

摘要 目的：观察Bobath疗法联合低频重复经颅磁刺激对脑卒中偏瘫患者运动功能、神经功能、平衡能力的影响。方法：研究对象为我院2020年05月-2022年05月期间收治的脑卒中偏瘫患者148例。按照随机数字表法分为对照组（Bobath疗法,74例）和研究组（低频重复经颅磁刺激联合Bobath疗法,74例）。观察两组平衡能力[Berg平衡量表（BBS）]、神经功能[美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）]、日常生活自理能力[改良Barthel指数（mBI）]、运动功能[Fugl-Meyer上肢运动功能评定量表（FMA-UE）、Fugl-Meyer下肢运动功能评定量表（FMA-LE）]、凝血功能[凝血酶原时间（PT）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）、D- 二聚体（D-D）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）]的变化情况。结果：两组治疗20 d后NIHSS评分下降, mBI评分升高,且研究组变化程度大于对照组（P<0.05）。两组治疗20 d后FMA-UE、FMA-LE评分升高,且研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组治疗20 d后BBS评分升高,且研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组治疗20 d后FIB、APTT、D-D、PT均下降,且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：低频重复经颅磁刺激联合Bobath疗法用于脑卒中偏瘫患者,可改善其凝血功能,恢复神经功能,进而改善运动功能,提高其日常生活活动能力。