人巨细胞病毒对单纯疱疹病毒1型抗原表达的影响

我们用免疫胶体金色埋前标记技术和免疫荧光技术研究了人胚肺细胞(HEL)内,人巨细胞病毒(HCMV-AD_(169))对单纯疱疹病毒1型(HSV-ⅠSM_(44))抗原表达的影响,旨在探讨在细胞这一微生境内,一病毒对另一病毒可能发生的影响。电镜下计数HSV-1组和HCMV HSV-1组特异性结合金颗粒数得HSV-1组为657个,HCMV HSV-1组的总数为283个。t检验P<0.01,差别非常显著。并且HSV-1组细胞的胞浆中的病毒颗粒,比HCMV HSV-1组明显多。荧光显微镜下:HSV-1组阳性细胞数为689个HCMV HSV-1组只有484个,经poisson分布u检验,P<0.01,差别非常显著。免疫荧光实验还表明:HSV-1组,抗血清在1:320时仍有荧光清晰的阳性细胞,而HCMV HSV-1组,抗血清在1:160时,却无荧光阳性细胞。细胞病变效应(CPE)动态观察显示:HSV-1组8小时即有细胞病变,24小时蔓延整个单层;而HCMV HSV-1组超感染14小时才有细胞病变。24小时约有75％细胞受累。结果表明HCMV对HSV-1的抗原表达有明显的抑制作用。对抑制作用的可能机理及其在分子生态学中的意义,进行了讨论。     

Generation and effective enrichment of selectable human cytomegalovirus mutants using site-directed insertion of the neo gene

Studies on the biology and function of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genes have been hampered by the limited number of viral mutants available for genetic analyses. We have developed a simple procedure to generate and enrich for HCMV recombinants. By inserting the bacterial neo gene, encoding neomycin/kanamycin phosphotransferase, into the large HCMV DNA genome using homologous recombination, selectable mutants of this complex herpesvirus were isolated for the first time. The synthesis of Neo from the viral genome was used to effectively enrich for recombinant viruses (re-viruses) in permissive culture cells grown in the presence of Geneticin (G418). A quick assay for Neo activity in infected cells, based on phosphorylation of kanamycin (Km), was used to easily identify viral recombinants in the process of screening and isolation. This procedure, not used previously to identify re-viruses, proved to be very useful for screening of large numbers of HCMV recombinants. Analysis of re-virus by Southern blotting revealed that the insertion of the marker gene had resulted in the expected deletion of the open reading frames, TRL 13/14 and UL 1–5, of HCMV. Re-virus was stable and showed no differences in growth kinetics as compared to wild-type (wt) virus. The insertion of a selectable marker gene into the HCMV genome and identification of viral recombinants by the Km phosphorylation assay, as presented here, provides the rationale for effective generation, enrichment and stable propagation of HCMV mutants.     

Synthesis and anti-HCMV activity of 1-[ω-(phenoxy)alkyl]uracil derivatives and analogues thereof

HCMV infection represents a life-threatening condition for immunocompromised patients and newborn infants and novel anti-HCMV agents are clearly needed. In this regard, a series of 1-[ω-(phenoxy)alkyl]uracil derivatives were synthesized and examined for antiviral properties. Compounds 17, 20, 24 and 28 were found to exhibit highly specific and promising inhibitory activity against HCMV replication in HEL cell cultures with EC₅₀ values within 5.5–12 μM range. Further studies should be undertaken to elucidate the mechanism of action of these compounds and the structure–activity relationship for the linker region.     

Inhibition of diverse opportunistic viruses by structurally optimized retrograde trafficking inhibitors

Opportunistic viruses are a major problem for immunosuppressed individuals, particularly following organ or stem cell transplantation. Current treatments are non-existent or suffer from problems such as high toxicity or development of resistant strains. We previously published that a trafficking inhibitor that targets a host protein greatly reduces the replication of human cytomegalovirus. This inhibitor was also shown to be moderately effective against polyomaviruses, another family of opportunistic viruses. We have developed a panel of analogues for this inhibitor and have shown that these analogues maintain their high efficacy against HCMV, while substantially lowering the concentration required to inhibit polyomavirus replication. By targeting a host protein these compounds are able to inhibit the replication of two very different viruses. These observations open up the possibility of pan-viral inhibitors for immunosuppressed individuals that are effective against multiple, diverse opportunistic viruses.     

A glycosylated type I membrane protein becomes cytosolic when peptide: N-glycanase is compromised

The human cytomegalovirus-encoded glycoprotein US2 catalyzes proteasomal degradation of Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) heavy chains (HCs) through dislocation of the latter from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cytosol. During this process, the Class I MHC HCs are deglycosylated by an N-glycanase-type activity. siRNA molecules designed to inhibit the expression of the light chain, beta(2)-microglobulin, block the dislocation of Class I MHC molecules, which implies that US2-dependent dislocation utilizes correctly folded Class I MHC molecules as a substrate. Here we demonstrate it is peptide: N-glycanase (PNGase or PNG1) that deglycosylates dislocated Class I MHC HCs. Reduction of PNGase activity by siRNA expression in US2-expressing cells inhibits deglycosylation of Class I MHC HC molecules. In PNGase siRNA-treated cells, glycosylated HCs appear in the cytosol, providing the first evidence for the presence of an intact N-linked type I membrane glycoprotein in the cytosol. N-glycanase activity is therefore not required for dislocation of glycosylated Class I MHC molecules from the ER.     

Characteristics of DNA-binding activity of human cytomegalovirus ppUL44

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-specific monoclonal antibody, SCMVM34, recognizes the early antigen encoded by UL44 of HCMV. This antigen is confined to the nucleus of HCMV-infected cells. This study was performed to characterize the DNA-binding activity of the protein encoded by UL44 of HCMV. The nuclear and cytoskeletal fraction of HCMV-infected cells was subjected to 0.4 M NaCl extraction, DEAE-Sephacel ion exchange chromatography, DNA-cellulose chromatography and SDS-PAGE analysis with monitoring of the reactive protein using SCMVM34 monoclonal antibody. The molecular weights of the resultant proteins were found to be 34, 40 and 52 kDa. The internal peptide fragments were isolated by tryptic digestion and reverse-phase HPLC. The internal amino acid sequence analysis of the peptides from the HPLC profile revealed that the antigen recognized by SCMVM34 monoclonal antibody was ppUL44. The reactive antigen began to be eluted from 250 mM NaCl (Tris-HCl pH 7.4) in DNA cellulose. The 34 kDa protein seems to bind to DEAE more tightly than the 52 kDa protein. The surface charge of 34 kDa might be more basic. Conclusively, the antigen recognized by SCMVM34 was the protein encoded by HCMV UL44, which was localized in the nuclei after HCMV infection, and was the DNA-binding protein with the characteristic that the surface charge of the molecule was more basic, as the molecular weights of the protein were decreased.     

HCMV感染的抗氧化治疗与洁罗维注射液临床预防与治疗应用

人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)是疱疹病毒中最大也是最常见的一种,HCMV感染危害性大,亚洲与非洲地区的人群感染率高,目前临床仍缺乏专属性强的治疗药物。在其治疗过程中,抗病毒药物长期应用导致耐药问题存在,而机体免疫功能抑制与病毒耐药发生率关系密切,因此HCMV防治过程中,抗病毒抗氧化协同治疗势在必行。洁罗维注射液(阿昔洛韦氯化钠注射液Ⅱ)是一种"抗病毒+抗氧化+营养支持"三重作用机制的新型复方抗病毒输液,可提高机体免疫功能,降低病毒耐药性,有利于临床诸多科室HCMV感染的预防与治疗,具有极高的临床推广价值。     

Substrate modulation of enzyme activity in the herpesvirus protease family

The herpesvirus proteases are an example in which allosteric regulation of an enzyme activity is achieved through the formation of quaternary structure. Here, we report a 1.7 A resolution structure of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus protease in complex with a hexapeptide transition state analogue that stabilizes the dimeric state of the enzyme. Extended substrate binding sites are induced upon peptide binding. In particular, 104 A2 of surface are buried in the newly formed S4 pocket when tyrosine binds at this site. The peptide inhibitor also induces a rearrangement of residues that stabilizes the oxyanion hole and the dimer interface. Concomitant with the structural changes, an increase in catalytic efficiency of the enzyme results upon extended substrate binding. A nearly 20-fold increase in kcat/KM results upon extending the peptide substrate from a tetrapeptide to a hexapeptide exclusively due to a KM effect. This suggests that the mechanism by which herpesvirus proteases achieve their high specificity is by using extended substrates to modulate both the structure and activity of the enzyme.     

人巨细胞病毒感染与老年人群免疫风险表型的相关性研究进展

人巨细胞病毒（human cytomegalovirus,HCMV）在老年人群中感染普遍。现已发现,HCMV感染可加速老年人群免疫衰老的进程。免疫风险表型（immunological risk phenotypes,IRP）是一组评价机体免疫功能的指标,与HCMV等病毒感染密切相关;该指标的变化不仅可以反映老年人群的免疫状态,而且通过对其指标,如CD4/CD8比例、CD28分子的监测可以提前预测疾病的发生,为延缓免疫衰老、免疫干预等提供客观依据。因此,该指标日益受到广泛关注。HCMV长期潜伏感染可导致机体的免疫功能低下,尤其对于老年人来说,HCMV感染通常可以导致多项IRP指标的改变,这种改变有可能是引起多种老年性疾病的原因。本文就近年来关于HCMV感染与IPR之间的关系研究进展情况作一综述。     

基于Red重组系统构建含Flag标签标记UL23基因的重组人巨细胞病毒

利用来源于λ噬菌体的Red系统,将Flag标签及两侧带有FRT位点的卡那霉素抗性基因片段插入原HCMV TowneBAC中UL23基因3 '末端区域,通过卡那抗性筛选带有抗性标记的重组菌株,并通过表达重组酶FLP的质粒pCP20去除卡那霉素抗性基因,得到带有Flag标签标记UL23基因和单一FRT位点的突变BAC.重组后的BAC分子同质粒pcDNA3.1(+)-pUL82共转染HFF细胞后重建重组HCMV.Western blotting检测证实所构建重组病毒能够表达含Flag标签标记的pUL23蛋白.此含有Flag标签标记UL23基因的重组HCMV的成功构建为了进一步研究人巨细胞病毒UL23基因及其产物的功能提供依据.