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The goal of the Denver Papillae Protocol is to use a dichotomous key to define and prioritize the characteristics of fungiform papillae (FP) to ensure consistent scoring between scorers. This protocol builds off of a need that has arisen from the last two decades of taste research using FP as a proxy for taste pore density. FP density has historically been analyzed using Miller & Reedy’s 1990 characterizations of their morphology: round, stained lighter, large, and elevated. In this work, the authors forewarned that stricter definitions of FP morphology needed to be outlined. Despite this call to action, follow up literature has been scarce, with most studies continuing to cite Miller & Reedy’s original work. Consequently, FP density reports have been highly variable and, combined with small sample sizes, may contribute to the discrepant conclusions on the role of FP in taste sensitivity. The Genetics of Taste Lab explored this apparent inconsistency in counting and found that scorers were individually prioritizing the importance of these characteristics differently and had no guidance for when a papilla had some, but not all, of the reported qualities of FP. The result of this subjectivity is highly variable FP counts of the same tongue image. The Denver Papillae Protocol has been developed to remedy this consequence through use of a dichotomous key that further defines and prioritizes the importance of the characteristics put forth by Miller & Reedy. The proposed method could help create a standard way to quantify FP for researchers in the field of taste and nutritional studies.  相似文献   
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迄今为止 ,人们已经发现了 10 0多个影响小鼠和人的毛发发育的基因 ,在以前的研究中 ,Uncv被证实是一个新的影响小鼠被毛的位点 ,具体表现为纯合突变体为无毛 ,杂合突变体表现为稀毛。除此之外 ,纯合的突变体还表现为生长和发育的迟缓。克隆这一突变基因将有助于更好地了解人类毛发发育异常相关的疾病。尽管这一位点已经被定位在小鼠 11号染色体上 ,但是没有该区域的精细遗传图谱和物理图谱直接克隆该基因有一定的难度。利用了两组杂交方式 ,[BALB/c(Uncv/Uncv)×C3H ( / ) ]×BALB/c (Uncv/Uncv)和 [BALB/c (Uncv/Uncv)×C5 7BL/6 ( / ) ]×BALB/c(Uncv/Uncv) ,共 2 0 74个F2代个体 ,通过对 11号染色体上的 16个微卫星标记的基因分型连锁分析 ,最终把该基因定位于11号染色体上位于D11Mit337和D11Mit338之间的约 1.4cM之间的区域。随后 ,利用BAC文库杂交和BAC末端序列PCR锚定的方法 ,构建了由 35个BAC构成的高分辨的BAC重叠群 ,这一高分辨的遗传图谱和物理图谱的构建 ,为进一步克隆这一突变基因打下了基础。  相似文献   
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Abstract. A major objection to the convenient sampling of Chenopodiacean bladders by brushing in aqueous solutions is the suspected leakage of ions from the leaf blade. To overcome this problem, a new method of sampling bladder hair is described, which also achieves rapid and quantitative separation and, at the same time, yields bladder samples of undoubtedly high purity. Leakage is stopped by the aid of liquid nitrogen. Comparison of this method to removal of bladders by brushing in aquenous solutions effectively confirm the validity of the customary method beyond dispute.  相似文献   
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男性型脱发(male pattern baldness,MPB)是一种雄激素依赖性的遗传性脱发疾病,对个人形象、心理产生较大的消极影响.近期欧美人群中进行的大样本全基因组关联分析(genome wide association studies,GWAS)已报道大量与MPB相关的遗传易感性单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)位点,但这些位点在东亚人群中的遗传效应尚不清楚.本研究基于我国684个亚欧混合人群(Eurasian)样本,对在英国生物样本库(UK Biobank) 205 327个欧洲男性GWAS分析发现的624个与MPB相关的SNPs进行人群异质性分析,基于多基因风险打分(polygenic risk scores,PRS)建立预测模型,并对预测因子数量与模型预测性能的关系进行了研究.通过质控的467个SNPs中6.9%与MPB显著相关(P0.05).结合年龄、体质指数(body mass index,BMI)和25个SNPs建立的线性回归和逻辑回归模型,效果较好(R~2=28.9%,AUC=0.82).年龄对模型效果影响较大(R~2=22.9%,AUC=0.77),结合BMI及68个SNPs时AUC达到最大(约0.89).本研究表明MPB在欧洲和东亚人群中存在较强的遗传异质性,选取SNPs子集能达到与全集相近的预测准确性,预测模型有助于东亚人群MPB遗传机制的理解及疾病的早期诊断和预防.  相似文献   
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Various animal models have been employed for research on the significance of measuring trace element concentrations in the human scalp hair. The objects of such research were the establishment of relationships between the concentrations of trace elements in human scalp hair and (1) their concentrations in other compartments of the human body or (2) specific pathophysiological conditions. The guinea pig appears to be the animal of choice for such studies because the elemental composition and growth pattern of its hair parallel those of the human scalp hair.  相似文献   
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7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) and cholesterol (CHOL) are biomarkers of Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (SLOS), a congenital autosomal recessive disorder characterized by elevated 7-DHC level in patients. Hair samples have been shown to have great diagnostic and research value, which has long been neglected in the SLOS field. In this study, we sought to investigate the feasibility of using hair for SLOS diagnosis. In the presence of antioxidants (2,6-ditert-butyl-4-methylphenol and triphenylphosphine), hair samples were completely pulverized and extracted by micro-pulverized extraction in alkaline solution or in n-hexane. After microwave-assisted derivatization with N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, the analytes were measured by GC-MS. We found that the limits of determination for 7-DHC and CHOL were 10 ng/mg and 8 ng/mg, respectively. In addition, good linearity was obtained in the range of 50–4000 ng/mg and 30–6000 ng/mg for 7-DHC and CHOL, respectively, which fully meets the requirement for SLOS diagnosis and related research. Finally, by applying the proposed method to real hair samples collected from 14 healthy infants and two suspected SLOS patients, we confirmed the feasibility of hair analysis as a diagnostic tool for SLOS. In conclusion, we present an optimized and validated analytical method for the simultaneous determination of two SLOS biomarkers using human hair.  相似文献   
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Molecular dynamics simulations of a keratin/peptide complex have been conducted to predict the binding affinity of four different peptides toward human hair. Free energy calculations on the peptides' interaction with the keratin model demonstrated that electrostatic interactions are believed to be the main driving force stabilizing the complex. The molecular mechanics-Poisson-Boltzmann surface area methodology used for the free energy calculations demonstrated that the dielectric constant in the protein's interior plays a major role in the free energy calculations, and the only way to obtain accordance between the free energy calculations and the experimental binding results was to use the average dielectric constant.  相似文献   
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