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1.
The role of secondary vegetation in restoring soil fertility during shifting cultivation in the tropics is well known. Yet the effect of secondary succession on the spatial patterns of soil properties has received little attention. To determine whether changes in the plant community as a result of shifting cultivation affect the scale of spatial dependence for biologically important soil nutrients, we sampled three dry tropical forest stands in Campeche, Mexico. These stands represented a gradient of cultivation history: one mature forest stand, a forest fallow that had undergone one cultivation-fallow cycle, and a forest fallow that had undergone two cultivation-fallow cycles. We used an analysis of semivariance to quantify the scale and magnitude of spatial dependence for organic matter content (OM), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and aluminum (Al) in each stand. The scale of spatial dependence varied with cultivation history, but the degree of spatial dependence did not differ among stands. In the mature forest P and K were autocorrelated over distances >7.5 m. In the forest fallows 48–88% of the variation in soil P and K was autocorrelated over distances up to 1.1–5.1 m. In contrast, the range of autocorrelation for Al (∼2.5 m) did not differ among stands. We conclude that shifting cultivation changes the range of autocorrelation for biologically important soil nutrients at a scale that may influence plant growth. The finer scaled pattern of soil nutrients in forest fallows is likely to persist with continued shifting cultivation, since fallows are cleared every 3–15 years.  相似文献   
2.
植被覆盖对土壤线虫营养类群空间分布的影响   总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9  
以中国科学院沈阳生态实验站的裸地和撂荒地为研究对象,采用经典统计学与地统计学相结合的方法,研究裸地和撂荒地土壤线虫总数及各营养类群的空间分布特征.结果表明,裸地和撂荒地植物寄生线虫与土壤pH呈显著负相关;撂荒地土壤线虫总数的平均值显著大于裸地,分别为每百克干土1 485.3和464.0条;撂荒地土壤线虫总数、植物寄生线虫和食细菌线虫的块金值/基台值(27.3%~45.6%)低于裸地(49.5%~100%),裸地和撂荒地土壤线虫总数及各营养类群的空间分布格局均有明显差异,表明植被覆盖对土壤线虫的空间分布有较大影响.  相似文献   
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4.
    
Freshwater ecosystems are declining faster than their terrestrial and marine counterparts because of physical pressures on habitats. European legislation requires member states to achieve ecological targets through the effective management of freshwater habitats. Maps of habitats across river networks would help diagnose environmental problems and plan for the delivery of improvement work. Existing habitat mapping methods are generally time consuming, require experts and are expensive to implement. Surveys based on sampling are cheaper but provide patchy representations of habitat distribution. In this study, we present a method for mapping habitat indices across networks using semi-quantitative data and a geostatistical technique called regression kriging. The method consists of the derivation of habitat indices using multivariate statistical techniques that are regressed on map-based covariates such as altitude, slope and geology. Regression kriging combines the Generalised Least Squares (GLS) regression technique with a spatial analysis of model residuals. Predictions from the GLS model are ‘corrected’ using weighted averages of model residuals following an analysis of spatial correlation. The method was applied to channel substrate data from the River Habitat Survey in Great Britain. A Channel Substrate Index (CSI) was derived using Correspondence Analysis and predicted using regression kriging. The model explained 74% of the main sample variability and 64% in a test sample. The model was applied to the English and Welsh river network and a map of CSI was produced. The proposed approach demonstrates how existing national monitoring data and geostatistical techniques can be used to produce continuous maps of habitat indices at the national scale.  相似文献   
5.
First-order intrinsic autoregressions and the de Wijs process   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Besag  Julian; Mondal  Debashis 《Biometrika》2005,92(4):909-920
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6.
环境保护与生态平衡   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
现代人类赖以生存的环境早巳不是原始的自然环境,而是在历史的长河中经过人类不断改造过的物质环境。它既反映了人类利用、改造自然的性质,也反映了社会生产力发展的水平。因此,现在的环境是自然和社会因素长期作用的结果。“在一定意义上来说,一部人类的历史,就是人类利用、改造环境扩大社会的自然环境以适应人类社会生存和发展的历史。”目前,环境问题堆积如山,环境保护工作千头万绪,作为环境科学研究最基本的东西是什么?我认为最基本的应该是:以人类活动为  相似文献   
7.
梅子垭水库生态因子场的地统计学分析   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
应用地统计学方法,对梅子垭水库的典型理化因子的生态因子场的水平的2维空间格局进行了分析。通过空间相关性的分析,确定了生态因子场的整个空间和不同方位上的空间格局的变化情况。  相似文献   
8.
基于地统计学的二化螟种群时间格局分析   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4  
对常德鼎城区1960~2001年二化螟各世代的越冬后幼虫高峰虫量的时间序列资料进行了地统计学分析.结果表明,年际间二化螟种群总虫量、第1代虫量、第2代虫量和冬后基数序列数据结构性较强,可预测性较好,特别是年际间总虫量其结构性占总变异的比例高达91.1%,可以前11年总虫量预测下年总虫量;世代间幼虫高峰虫量,年际间第1代虫量、第3代虫量和冬后基数序列数据的长期趋势较为明显,特别是冬后基数的长期趋势极为明显;世代间幼虫高峰虫量呈现3代(1年)的季节性周期.首次采用缺失某世代虫量或插入冬后基数的方法分析了各世代虫量和冬后基数对整个世代间虫量数据系列的重要程度,结果表明,各世代虫量和冬后基数单独对整个世代间虫量数据系列的影响均较小,二化螟发生量更多地受栽培制度、气候、食料和天敌等因子的影响.初步总结并建立了种群时间格局分析的地统计学方法.  相似文献   
9.
木焦油污染土壤中微生物特性的空间变异性研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
运用地统计学方法研究了木焦油污染土壤中微生物量、微生物群落结构、微生物活性等的空间变异特征.分别采用26种主要磷脂类脂肪酸(PLFA)的总含量(totPLFA)、PLFA的第一主成分和第二主成分(PLFA PC1和PC2)以及土壤培养过程中CO2-C的累积释放量(Cre)来表征土壤中的微生物量、微生物群落结构以及微生物活性.结果表明,多数微生物特性指标均存在不同程度的空间自相关性,其半变异函数曲线可用带块金效应的球状模型进行拟合.变量的空间相关距离在2.50~16.60 m之间.PLFA PC1、totPLFA和Cre均具有较强的空间依赖性,其相对结构变差(由结构性因素引起的空间变异)分别为82.3%、79.6%和64.7%,而PLFA PC2 不存在明显的空间依赖性.克立格空间插值图表明,样地中存在几处微生物相对密集分布且代谢活性较高的区域,其中优势微生物菌群是由PLFAs 16:1ω7t,cy17:0,18:1ω7 和cy19:0所表征的革兰氏阴性细菌.土壤中主要污染物多环芳烃含量和空间分布是影响微生物特性空间分布格局的重要因素之一.  相似文献   
10.
    
Abstract. This paper deals with the spatial distribution pattern of the bird-dispersed plant Daphne gnidium in a 10-yr abandoned field under Mediterranean conditions. Colonization of Mediterranean old-fields by bird-dispersed plants is expected to fit a theoretical model in which (1) seed dispersal follows a negative exponential curve with the distance from the seed source and (2) seedlings are better established under perches (nucleation sensu Yarranton & Morrison 1974). However, post-dispersal processes such as seed predation, seed germination and seedling establishment are also spatial-dependent and can lead to spatial autocorrelation in the seedling distribution within an old-field. Results show that both processes in the model (curve of seed dispersal and nucleation) significantly explained the spatial distribution of the seedlings, but some spatial variance remained unexplained. The semivariogram with the statistical residuals of the model detected spatial dependence at small (< 20 m) and large (> 250 m) distance intervals, indicating that some mechanisms with spatial components, apart from the curve of seed dispersal and nucleation under perches, also determined the distribution of seedlings colonizing fields. At scales below 20-m intervals, semivariance increased indicating that similarity between plots is lost when distance increases between them. This pattern may be explained because the favourable micro-environmental conditions for establishment produced under perches could be extended towards neighbour plots where perches were absent. A flat semi-variogram between 20-m and 250-m intervals shows spatial independence along this range. From 250 m on, the semivariance increased again, indicating spatial dependence at coarse-scale. It is possible that the colonization model failed at this scale because different spatial processes to those included in the model (perch presence and distance to the shrubland) could be controlling seed colonization at coarse-scale.  相似文献   
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