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群体成员大小差异对不同生境鲤科鱼类集群行为的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为研究群体成员大小差异对不同喜好生境鱼类集群行为特征的影响, 实验分别以鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)和中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)幼鱼为实验对象, 比较分析4尾等大小(E)和不等大小(2大2小, NE)实验鱼群体的自发游泳速度、空间分布以及对恐吓刺激反应等集群行为参数的差异。结果显示: (1)和鳊相比, 中华倒刺鲃有更高的自发游泳速度、速度同步性和排列方向的极性, 但二者对恐吓刺激的反应率及反应的协调一致性相似; (2)当群体成员大小出现差异时, 两种鱼群体排列方向的极性不受影响, 且大小个体成员间的速度及其同步性均没有差异, 但整体的速度同步性与等大小群体相比有所下降; (3)个体间距离数据显示, 个体大小差异不会影响两种鱼群体的凝聚力; (4)群体成员在两种鱼群中偏好位置不同, 当群体成员大小不同时, 大个体成员更偏好占据领头鱼位置; (5)群体成员大小的差异导致两种鱼对刺激的反应率下降。研究表明: 中华倒刺鲃具有更高的活跃性、更好的群体运动的协调性, 可能与其流水生境相关; 当群体成员大小出现差异时, 成员不分大小在整体上协调运动的速度和方向, 并保持群体有较高的凝聚力, 但两种鱼类自发游泳速度调整策略截然不同(鳊大小个体速度妥协趋同, 而中华倒刺鲃低速个体速度提高); 群体成员大小差异导致鱼群对恐吓刺激的反应率有所下降, 可能原因包括体形差异导致的社会因素造成敏锐性下降、信息交流效率受阻和(或)集群收益代价出现分化影响一致决策的形成等。  相似文献   
3.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a motor neurodegenerative disease which is characterized by progressive loss of motor neurons followed by paralysis and eventually death. In human, VAMP-associated protein B (VAPB) is the causative gene of the familial form of ALS8. Previous studies have shown that P56S and T46I point mutations of hVAPB are present in this form of ALS. Recently, another mutation, V234I of hVAPB was found in one familial case of ALS. This is the first study where we have shown that V234I-VAPB does not form aggregate like other two mutants of VAPB and localizes differently than the wild type VAPB. It induces Ubiquitin aggregation followed by cell death. We propose that V234I-VAPB exhibits the characteristics of ALS in spite of not having the typical aggregation property of different mutations in various neurodegenerative diseases.  相似文献   
4.
初小静  韩广轩 《生态学杂志》2015,26(10):2978-2990
湿地由于具有较高的初级生产力以及较低的有机质降解速率而成为缓解全球变暖的潜在有效碳汇.虽然近年来中国湿地生态系统CO2交换过程及其影响机制研究取得了一系列进展,但尚缺乏对数据进行系统性整合分析.基于29篇文献的数据,对中国21个典型湿地植被净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(Reco)、总初级生产力(GPP)、NEE的光响应参数以及Reco的温度响应参数进行整合分析,并探讨了这些指标对温度与降雨的响应.结果表明: 年尺度上,气温和降雨量对NEE(R2=50%,R2=57% )、GPP(R2=60%,R2=50%)和Reco(R2=44%,R2=50%)均有显著影响(P<0.05).生长季尺度上,NEE (R2=50%)、GPP (R2=36%)和Reco(R2=19%)与气温呈显著相关(P<0.05);同时NEE(R2=33%)和GPP(R2=25%)也与降雨量呈显著相关(P<0.05),但Reco与降雨量的相关关系不显著(P>0.05).生长季降雨量与最大光合速率(Amax)之间呈显著相关 (P<0.01),但与表观量子产率(α)、白天生态系统呼吸速率(Reco,day)无显著相关(P>0.05).生长季气温对α、Amax和Reco, day均无显著影响(P>0.05).生态系统基础呼吸速率(Rref)与降雨量无显著相关(P>0.05),但是生态系统呼吸的温度敏感系数(Q10)与降雨量呈显著的线性负相关(P<0.05),同时气温对Q10(R2=0.35)、Rref(R2=0.46)均产生显著影响(P<0.05).  相似文献   
5.
Regulated proteolysis efficiently and rapidly adapts the bacterial proteome to changing environmental conditions. Many protease substrates contain recognition motifs, so-called degrons, that direct them to the appropriate protease. Here we describe an entirely new degron identified in the cytoplasmic N-terminal end of the membrane-anchored protein YfgM of Escherichia coli. YfgM is stable during exponential growth and degraded in stationary phase by the essential FtsH protease. The alarmone (p)ppGpp, but not the previously described YfgM interactors RcsB and PpiD, influence YfgM degradation. By scanning mutagenesis, we define individual amino acids responsible for turnover of YfgM and find that the degron does not at all comply with the known N-end rule pathway. The YfgM degron is a distinct module that facilitates FtsH-mediated degradation when fused to the N terminus of another monotopic membrane protein but not to that of a cytoplasmic protein. Several lines of evidence suggest that stress-induced degradation of YfgM relieves the response regulator RcsB and thereby permits cellular protection by the Rcs phosphorelay system. On the basis of these and other results in the literature, we propose a model for how the membrane-spanning YfgM protein serves as connector between the stress responses in the periplasm and cytoplasm.  相似文献   
6.
Myxovirus resistance (Mx) GTPases are induced by interferon and inhibit multiple viruses, including influenza and human immunodeficiency viruses. They have the characteristic domain architecture of dynamin-related proteins with an N-terminal GTPase (G) domain, a bundle signaling element, and a C-terminal stalk responsible for self-assembly and effector functions. Human MxA (also called MX1) is expressed in the cytoplasm and is partly associated with membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It shows a protein concentration-dependent increase in GTPase activity, indicating regulation of GTP hydrolysis via G domain dimerization. Here, we characterized a panel of G domain mutants in MxA to clarify the role of GTP binding and the importance of the G domain interface for the catalytic and antiviral function of MxA. Residues in the catalytic center of MxA and the nucleotide itself were essential for G domain dimerization and catalytic activation. In pulldown experiments, MxA recognized Thogoto virus nucleocapsid proteins independently of nucleotide binding. However, both nucleotide binding and hydrolysis were required for the antiviral activity against Thogoto, influenza, and La Crosse viruses. We further demonstrate that GTP binding facilitates formation of stable MxA assemblies associated with endoplasmic reticulum membranes, whereas nucleotide hydrolysis promotes dynamic redistribution of MxA from cellular membranes to viral targets. Our study highlights the role of nucleotide binding and hydrolysis for the intracellular dynamics of MxA during its antiviral action.  相似文献   
7.
During DNA damage response (DDR), histone ubiquitination by RNF168 is a critical event, which orchestrates the recruitment of downstream DDR factors, e.g. BRCA1 and 53BP1. Here, we report USP7 deubiquitinase regulates the stability of RNF168. We showed that USP7 disruption impairs H2A and ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced γH2AX monoubiquitination, and decreases the levels of pBmi1, Bmi1, RNF168 and BRCA1. The effect of USP7 disruption was recapitulated by siRNA-mediated USP7 depletion. The USP7 disruption also compromises the formation of UVR-induced foci (UVRIF) and ionizing radiation-induced foci (IRIF) of monoubiquitinated H2A (uH2A) and polyubiquitinated H2AX/A, and subsequently affects UVRIF and IRIF of BRCA1 as well as the IRIF of 53BP1. USP7 was shown to physically bind RNF168 in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of wild-type USP7, but not its interaction-defective mutant, prevents UVR-induced RNF168 degradation. The USP7 mutant is unable to cleave Ub-conjugates of RNF168 in vivo. Importantly, ectopic expression of RNF168, or both RNF8 and RNF168 together in USP7-disrupted cells, significantly rescue the formation of UVRIF and IRIF of polyubiquitinated H2A and BRCA1. Taken together, these findings reveal an important role of USP7 in regulating ubiquitin-dependent signaling via stabilization of RNF168.  相似文献   
8.
The immune system is essential to maintain the mutualistic homeostatic interaction between the host and its micro- and mycobiota. Living as a commensal, Saccharomyces cerevisiae could potentially shape the immune response in a significant way. We observed that S. cerevisiae cells induce trained immunity in monocytes in a strain-dependent manner through enhanced TNFα and IL-6 production upon secondary stimulation with TLR ligands, as well as bacterial and fungal commensals. Differential chitin content accounts for the differences in training properties observed among strains, driving induction of trained immunity by increasing cytokine production and direct antimicrobial activity both in vitro and in vivo. These chitin-induced protective properties are intimately associated with its internalization, identifying a critical role of phagosome acidification to facilitate microbial digestion. This study reveals how commensal and passenger microorganisms could be important in promoting health and preventing mucosal diseases by modulating host defense toward pathogens and thus influencing the host microbiota-immune system interactions.  相似文献   
9.
α-Tocopheryl succinate is one of the most effective analogues of vitamin E for inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing cell death in a variety of cancerous cell lines while sparing normal cells or tissues. αTocopheryl succinate inhibits oxidative phosphorylation at the level of mitochondrial complexes I and II, thus enhancing reactive oxygen species generation which, in turn, induces the expression of Nrf2-driven antioxidant/detoxifying genes. The cytoprotective role of Nrf2 downstream genes/proteins prompted us to investigate whether and how α-tocopheryl succinate increases resistance of PC3 prostate cancer cells to pro-oxidant damage. A 4 h α-tocopheryl succinate pre-treatment increases glutathione intracellular content, indicating that the vitamin E derivative is capable of training the cells to react to an oxidative insult. We found that α-tocopheryl succinate pre-treatment does not enhance paraquat-/hydroquinone-induced cytotoxicity whereas it exhibits an additional/synergistic effect on H2O2-/docetaxel-induced cytotoxicity.  相似文献   
10.
Giardia lamblia is a unicellular, early branching eukaryote causing giardiasis, one of the most common human enteric diseases. Giardia, a microaerophilic protozoan parasite has to build up mechanisms to protect themselves against oxidative stress within the human gut (oxygen concentration 60 μM) to establish its pathogenesis. G. lamblia is devoid of the conventional mechanisms of the oxidative stress management system, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione cycling, which are present in most eukaryotes. NADH oxidase is a major component of the electron transport chain of G. lamblia, which in concurrence with disulfide reductase, protects oxygen-labile proteins such as pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase against oxidative stress by sustaining a reduced intracellular environment. It also contains the arginine dihydrolase pathway, which occurs in a number of anaerobic prokaryotes, includes substrate level phosphorylation and adequately active to make a major contribution to ATP production.  相似文献   
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